Ancient Greek History: From Mycenae to Athenian Democracy
Periods of Greek History
- Mycenaean Civilization (18th-12th century BC): Depicted in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
- Archaic Period: Political evolution began, leading to the development of the Polis.
The Polis: The City-State
The Polis was an independent and sovereign city-state, typically formed by:
- Acropolis (Upper Town): The seat of government and temples.
- Asty (Lower Town): The residential area and center of political and economic life.
During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, various Polis began colonizing
Read MoreUnderstanding Co-Ownership: Rights, Responsibilities, and Division
Co-Ownership and Economic/Condo Considerations
Co-ownership is a legal situation that occurs when the ownership of a thing or right belongs to several persons. The Civil Code adopted the Roman system of division of fees levied on the object taken as a unit. In relation to its contents, it is essential to distinguish between the rights of the investors and what corresponds in relation to their portion or share.
Rights and Responsibilities in Co-Ownership
In connection with the common property, the rights
Read MoreUnderstanding Plastics: Types, Properties, and Recycling
Plastics are materials made of polymers consisting of long chains of atoms that contain carbon.
Types of Plastics According to Their Origin:
- Natural: Derived from vegetable or animal raw materials.
- Synthetic or Artificial: A compound derived from petroleum, natural gas, or coal.
Physical Properties of Plastics
These include hardness, elasticity, rigidity, toughness, and flexibility, which are specific properties of certain plastics and vary from each other.
Environmental Properties of Plastics
Most plastics
Read MoreFlorence Renaissance: San Marco Library & Ghiberti’s North Doors
Library at the Convent of San Marco, Florence (c. 1444)
Architectural Features
- The room is rectangular and divided into three naves by columns with smooth shafts and Ionic capitals, showing a free interpretation of the classical Greek orders. Arches spring from these capitals.
- The Ionic order, clean and clear, was used to be consistent with the function of a library. A Corinthian or Composite capital would have been too ornate, while the Doric or Tuscan orders would have been excessively simple.
- The
Siete Partidas: A Comprehensive Overview of Medieval Spanish Law
Siete Partidas: Code of the Seven Items
Las Siete Partidas (The Seven-Part Code) began drafting in 1256 and finished in 1263. The commission consisted of leading Spanish jurists (Jacome Ruiz, Martinez Signed, Master Roland…).
Sources
- Medieval Common Law: Corpus Iuris Civilis, works of Azo and Accursius, Decretals of Gregory IX, canonical works.
- Non-Legal Sources: Philosophical works (Aristotle, Plato, Seneca), the Bible, theological works (Saint Isidore, Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas), Oriental
Mastering Possessive Adjectives and Question Words
Possessive Adjectives Practice
- Where is our classroom? We can’t find it.
- Susan, is that your pen on the table?
- A: What is your name? B: My name is Thomas.
- I think this is her book. She dropped it on the floor.
- Their names are Kevin and Stewart. They are my friends.
- He forgot to write his name on the test!
- A: What is your phone number? B: My phone number is 555-9826.
- Did the cat eat all of its food?
- The children are crying because they can’t find their toys.
- Mariam and Jennifer like their new teacher.
- I
Understanding European Integration and the EU Budget
European Integration: Requirements and Key Stages
The creation of European integration was proposed by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman in a speech on May 9, 1950, known as the Schuman Declaration. Countries need to unite and must have established a democracy that guarantees the rule of law, human rights, protection of minorities, and a market economy.
Main Stages of European Integration
- 1951: Treaty of Paris, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
- 1957: Treaty of Rome, founding
Medieval Iberian Peninsula: Almoravids, Almohads, and Christian Expansion
The Almoravids and Almohads
Almoravids: Berber nomads who established a great North African empire in the 11th century.
Almohad: They replaced the Almoravids in North Africa.
Nazari Kingdom of Granada: Survived for more than two centuries due to the diplomacy of its Muslim kings.
Artistic Legacy
During this time, Muslims built magnificent interiors, coating edifices with Almohad-style decorations, including the Giralda, rich period decor, and the Golden Tower.
The Kingdoms of Castile and Leon
The kingdoms
Read MoreUnderstanding Government Financing, Debt, and Fiscal Policy
Government Financing: Taxes and Debt
Government financing is typically achieved through taxation and public debt. While taxes are a primary source of revenue, raising taxes can be unpopular. Another option is deficit spending financed by issuing government bonds. However, public debt also has limitations.
Public Deficit and Debt: A Closer Look
Deficit and surplus are flow variables, while public debt is a stock variable, representing the total amount owed by the state at a specific time. Public debt
Read MoreEconomic Shifts: Industrial Revolution & Growth Models
Economic Shifts and Growth Models
Structural Change
A structural change represents a shift or change in the fundamental way an economy functions. As income grows, literacy and education levels rise. Governments invest in public schools to enhance workforce qualifications. A key difference between pre-industrial and modern industrial societies is the reduced role of agriculture. Modern agriculture’s increased productivity feeds a large non-agricultural population. Efficiency gains lead to fewer people
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