Material Characterization & Non-Destructive Testing Methods

Metallurgical Optical Microscope

A metallurgical optical microscope, also known as a metallographic microscope, is a specialized type of optical microscope designed for the examination and analysis of opaque materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers. It is a valuable tool in materials science, metallurgy, and other fields where the microstructure of materials needs to be studied.

Working Principle

The working principle of a metallurgical optical microscope is based on the reflection and refraction

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JavaScript Core Concepts & Advanced Techniques

JavaScript Fundamentals: Web Storage & Event Handling

This section covers essential client-side data storage mechanisms and advanced event management techniques in JavaScript.

1. Web Storage (Local Storage & Session Storage)

Web Storage allows web applications to store data locally within the user’s browser. Unlike cookies, Web Storage offers a larger storage capacity (typically 5MB or more) and the data is not sent to the server with every HTTP request.

A. Local Storage – Permanent Data Storage

Data

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Insights from Champions, Science, and Society

An Interview with a Champion

He feels much better about leaving his children when he became a professional. He is alone now. Jules’s wife did not travel with him. Thanks to his racket, he likes to use it to meet up with people.

Telepathy

Telepathy has not been demonstrated. Traditional scientists believe only physics can explain phenomena, and it does not explain telepathy. A well-known book, “The Power of the Mind,” suggests the bending of spoons is just a trick. A telepathy experiment is not easy.

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Global Challenges: Climate, Pollution, and Technology’s Impact

Climate Change: Predictions and Impacts

Some experts predict that by the year 2020, there will be about seven billion people on Earth. If these predictions hold true, it will lead to an increase in factories, vehicles, and intensive farming. This, in turn, means more harmful gases, increasing the greenhouse effect. These gases absorb the sun’s heat, making the Earth hotter.

Projected Global Warming

If current trends persist, some scientists predict that by 2030, Earth’s temperature will rise by 2ºC

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Spanish Workers’ Movements: Anarchism and Socialism (1874-1910)

The Genesis of Spanish Workers’ Movements

Anarchism: From Dissolution to Reorganization (1874-1881)

In 1874, a decree dissolved the Spanish section of the Workers’ International Association (AIT) following the coup by General Pavía. By 1881, a new political landscape emerged as anarchism was re-legalized under Sagasta’s government.

Key Outcomes of Anarchist Reorganization

  • Geographically dispersed associations began to reorganize.
  • The Spanish Regional Federation of Workers (FTRE) was established to address
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Spanish Enlightenment Prose: Literary & Journalistic Forms

18th Century Spanish Prose: Thought and Criticism

The 18th century in Spain was a period of significant intellectual ferment, marked by new ways of thinking, reflection, and criticism. This era saw the rise of prominent figures who championed reason and experience in their works.

Key Figures and Their Contributions

  • Father Benito Jerónimo Feijoo: Active in the first half of the century, this Benedictine monk utilized reason and experience as primary criteria for developing his views.
  • Gaspar Melchor
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Antonio Canova’s Eros and Psyche: Neoclassical Masterpiece Analysis

Eros and Psyche by Antonio Canova

Artwork Details

  • Artist: Antonio Canova
  • Chronology: 1787-1793
  • School/Country: Italy
  • Style: Neoclassicism

Technical Elements

This sculpture is crafted from marble, utilizing the natural color of the material without additional pigmentation. The carved surface achieves a glossy finish, likely through a polishing technique involving abrasives or a lime-based grout, characteristic of the period’s sculptural practices.

Formal Elements

The sculpture features closed forms, contrasting

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English Language Essentials: Grammar, Cohesion, & Paragraphs

Relative Pronouns and Determiners Explained

Essential Relative Words and Their Functions

  • What: Refers to a person, thing, or place. It remains unchanged.
  • Who/Whom: Used exclusively for persons. “Who” is for the subject, “Whom” for the object.
  • Which: Used for things or animals. Does not change form based on gender or number.
  • Where: Functions as an adverb, replacing a noun that indicates a place.
  • How much: Semantically equivalent to “everything that.”
  • How many: Semantically equivalent to “all that” (e.g.
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Computer-Aided Design: Core Concepts and Practical Applications

Understanding Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is a design activity that involves the effective use of computers to create, modify, or document an engineering design. It streamlines the entire product development lifecycle, from conceptualization to manufacturing.

Key Benefits of CAD Systems

CAD systems offer significant advantages for engineering design and product development:

  • Increased Productivity

    Better visualization of the final product, sub-assemblies, and constituent parts

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Parvana’s Resilience in Taliban-Controlled Kabul

Parvana’s Early Life in Kabul

This is the story of Parvana, an eleven-year-old girl living in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan.

She remembers a time when she lived in a big house, when women could walk freely in the streets, and everyone was happy. But everything changed. The Taliban had taken over Kabul, forbidding women from leaving their homes without a burqa and without being accompanied by a male relative. They suppressed independent thought and imposed their strict ideology. Everything was

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