Fundamentals of Engineering Research: Definition and Process
Meaning of Research
Research refers to a careful, well-defined (or redefined), objective, and systematic method of search for knowledge, or formulation of a theory that is driven by inquisitiveness for that which is unknown and useful on a particular aspect so as to make an original contribution to expand the existing knowledge base.
- Research involves formulation of a hypothesis or proposition of solutions, data analysis, and deductions; and ascertaining whether the conclusions fit the hypothesis.
Apiculture Essentials: Beekeeping Methods, Equipment, and Bee Products
The Crucial Role of Bees in Cross-Pollination
Importance of Cross-Pollination
- Increased Crop Yield: Cross-pollination improves fruit set and seed production, leading to higher yields.
- Genetic Diversity: Cross-pollination enhances genetic diversity, making crops more resilient to diseases and environmental stresses.
Role of Bees in Cross-Pollination
- Pollination Agents: Bees transfer pollen between flowers, facilitating cross-pollination.
- Efficient Pollinators: Bees are highly efficient pollinators due
Blockchain Fundamentals: Definition, Architecture, and Operation
1. Defining Blockchain and Architecture
What is Blockchain?
Blockchain is a distributed and shared ledger where data is stored in blocks. Each block is linked to the previous one, and data can be updated only with the agreement of all nodes. Once stored, data is very difficult to change, and no central authority is required.
Architecture of Blockchain
- Internet Layer: Provides basic communication between nodes.
- Peer-to-Peer Network: All nodes connect directly without a central server.
- Transactions: Records
Understanding Cyberspace Architecture and Cybercrime Threats
Cyberspace refers to the virtual environment created by computers, the internet, digital networks, and communication technologies. It is not a physical space but a digital world where users interact through devices such as computers, smartphones, servers, routers, and cloud systems. Activities like browsing websites, sending emails, online banking, social media communication, and digital payments all take place in cyberspace. It connects millions of people globally and enables fast information sharing,
Read MoreAdvanced Mathematics and Statistics Reference
Probability Density Functions and Distributions
A function f(x) is a valid probability density function (PDF) if:
- f(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x.
- ∫-∞∞ f(x)dx = 1.
Expectation and Variance
- Expected value (mean): E[X] = ∫-∞∞ x ⋅ f(x)dx
- Expected value of X2: E[X2] = ∫-∞∞ x2 ⋅ f(x)dx
- Variance: Var(X) = E[X2] – (E[X])2
Special Probability Models
- Uniform Distribution: f(x) = 1/(b-a), for a ≤ x ≤ b.
- Uniform Distribution Expected Value: (a + b)/2
- Exponential Distribution: f(x) = λe-λx,
Fundamentals of Energy Systems: Definitions and Structure
1. System Definition and Differentiation
What is a system? A system is a set of distinguished and active elements (objects, operations, processes) with existing relations between those elements. It is separated from its surroundings, yet it is under the impact of the surroundings and has an impact on the surroundings. It is organized and intentionally arranged for the realization of a defined purpose within its surrounding environment.
System vs. Set: A system implies active elements, defined relations,
Read MoreMastering English Irregular Verbs and Simple Past Tense
Essential English Irregular Verbs
Infinitive – Past Simple (Spanish Translation)
- Be – was (Ser, estar)
- Beat – beat (Golpear, derrotar)
- Become – became (Llegar a ser, convertirse)
- Begin – began (Empezar)
- Bend – bent (Doblarse)
- Bet – bet (Apostar)
- Bite – bit (Morder)
- Bleed – bled (Sangrar)
- Blow – blew (Soplar, explotar)
- Break – broke (Romper)
- Bring – brought (Traer)
- Build – built (Construir)
- Burn – burnt/burned (Quemar)
- Buy – bought (Comprar)
- Catch – caught (Coger, atrapar)
- Choose – chose (Elegir)
- Come – came (Venir)
Essential Business and Management Vocabulary Definitions
Essential Business and Workplace Terminology
- Administrative
- Connected with organizing the work of a business.
- Agenda
- A list of business items to be discussed at a meeting.
- Appliances
- Machines or devices you use at home to do jobs like cooking or cleaning. They are often electrical.
- Appointment
- A formal arrangement to meet or visit somebody at a particular time, especially for a reason connected with their work.
- Brands
- Types of product made by a particular company.
- Career Development
- How people manage their
Chiang Kai-shek, the CCP, and the Road to the Long March (1927–1937)
The Shanghai Massacres and Extermination Campaigns
- The **NRA** (National Revolutionary Army) liberated Shanghai from the warlords.
- Chiang Kai-shek feared a general strike and a **CCP** (Chinese Communist Party) takeover.
- Chiang was prepared, attacked, and killed anyone suspected of being a Communist.
- The **White Terror** resulted in many casualties.
Consequences of the Massacres
- The campaign failed to crush the Communists.
- A split occurred within the **KMT** (Kuomintang), and Chiang was temporarily expelled
Core Principles of Indian and Modern Psychology
Self, Identity, and Self-Concept in Indian Psychology
Indian Psychology views the self as spiritual, holistic, and continuous. The self is not limited to personality or ego but is rooted in consciousness.
Core Concepts of Self
- Atman: The true self; eternal, unchanging, pure consciousness beyond body and mind.
- Jiva: The individual self; Atman associated with the body, mind, desires, and karma.
- Purusha: Witness consciousness; the observer of experiences, not the doer.
Development of Self in Indian Traditions
- Identification