Express Authentication Methods: Syntax and Results
1. Basic Authentication (Stateless)
What it is: A very simple authentication where a username and password are sent in the Authorization header (Base64 encoded). Not safe unless over HTTPS.
Example (express-basic-auth)
const express = require("express");
const basicAuth = require("express-basic-auth");
const app = express();
app.use(
basicAuth({
users: { admin: "pass123" },
challenge: true,
unauthorizedResponse: "Invalid credentials"
})
);
app.get("/", (req, res) => {
res.send(Food Economics: Demand, Supply, Elasticity & Population
Lecture 7: Demand, Supply, Elasticity
Lectures:
Lecture 7: Economic frameworks to study the world food problem — demand, supply, and elasticity.
Demand Curve
The demand curve follows the Law of Demand: as price falls, quantity demanded rises, producing a downward slope. This occurs because of:
- Diminishing marginal utility — less satisfaction from extra units;
- Heterogeneity in demand — different people have different willingness to pay.
The entire demand curve can shift based on changes in consumer
Read More7 Cs of Business Communication for Legal Professionals
Effective communication is a vital component of business success, especially in the legal and corporate environment. Business communication ensures smooth coordination, builds professional relationships, and supports decision-making. For law students and legal professionals, mastering business communication is essential when dealing with clients, organizations, courts, and regulatory bodies. The 7 C’s of Business Communication—Clarity, Conciseness, Concreteness, Correctness, Completeness, Courtesy,
Read MoreCivil Procedure Code: Jurisdiction, Transfer, Decrees & Venue
Q1: Types of Jurisdiction under CPC
The Civil Procedure Code (CPC) recognizes several types of jurisdiction, which determine a court’s authority to hear and decide cases. Here are the main kinds:
Types of Jurisdiction
- Subject-Matter Jurisdiction: Refers to a court’s authority to hear cases of a specific type. For example, a Rent Controller cannot decide divorce cases, and Consumer Forums handle cases related to consumer rights and disputes.
- Pecuniary Jurisdiction: Based on the monetary value of the
Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle: Father of Political Science
Aristotle is called the father of political science because he studied politics through observation and practical reasoning. He believed that humans are political beings who can achieve their highest moral and intellectual development only within the state, whose purpose is to promote the good life.
Slavery and Greek social context: His justification of slavery was based on the idea of natural slavery, where
Read MoreIndus Valley Civilization: Harappan Cities, Architecture & Economy
Indus Valley Civilization – Detailed 16-Mark Answer
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day India and Pakistan. It is one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, known for its scientific city planning, advanced drainage systems, standardized bricks, and organized socio-economic life.
1. Geographical Extent
- Spread over 1.3 million sq. km — larger
Advanced Vector Calculus and Matrix Algebra Problems
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Verification and Inverse
Problem 1: Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for A and find A-1
Given matrix: A = [[2, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 2]]
Step 1: Find the Characteristic Equation |A – λI| = 0
A – λI = [[2-λ, 1, 1], [0, 1-λ, 0], [1, 1, 2-λ]]
Expand along the 2nd row (which has two zeros):
|A – λI| = (1-λ) × |[2-λ, 1], [1, 2-λ]|
= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)(2-λ) – 1×1]
= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)2 – 1]
= (1-λ) × [4 – 4λ + λ2 – 1]
= (1-λ)(λ2 – 4λ + 3)
= (1-λ)(λ-1)(λ-3)
= -(λ-1)2(
Read MoreSoftware Design Principles and Coding Best Practices
Software Design and Coding Best Practices for Developers
1. Basic Principles of Software Design
Basic principles of software design help create software that is simple, maintainable, and easy to understand. The major principles are:
- Abstraction – Show only important details and hide unnecessary information. It helps reduce complexity.
- Modularity – Break the system into small modules so each module handles one purpose.
- Information Hiding – Keep internal details of a module hidden to protect data
Variable Pay Program Configuration and Administration
Topic: Bonus Plans (Questions 1-4)
P1. Where do you link bonus plans to business goals? * Business goal weights file
P2. Your customer needs to link a bonus plan to a specific requirement. How do you address this requirement? * 1
P3. Which bonus plan setting is defined in the import file? * Bonus Cap Percentage
P4. In which scenario must you use a separate bonus plan for employees in the same program? * The customer has multiple sets of business goals.
Topic: Business Goals and Goal Weights (Questions
Kautilya’s Arthashastra: Economic Principles and Statecraft
Kautilya’s Economic Philosophy and the Arthashastra
Introduction to Kautilya
Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was a distinguished Acharya (professor), philosopher, and the influential Prime Minister to Emperor Chandragupta of the Maurya Empire. He was instrumental in overthrowing the oppressive and corrupt Nanda dynasty, securing the throne for Chandragupta between 321–297 BCE.
Kautilya provided crucial advice on both political and economic matters. His policy approach was inherently
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