15th Century Chronology, Culture & Society: A Look at Late Middle Ages
15th Century Chronology: The Late Middle Ages
The 15th century belongs to the Middle Ages, a period between Antiquity and the Renaissance. It corresponds to the late Middle Ages, ending around the conquest of America (1492). For many years, two distinct cultures coexisted in the Iberian Peninsula: Islam and Christianity.
Culture, Society, and Economy
Muslims had a trade-based economy, flourishing cities like Cordoba, a strong currency, rich architecture, and extensive knowledge from Antiquity. Christians, on the other hand, had a rural, agriculture-based economy with little trade. Feudalism dominated their society, with kings, clergy, and nobles at the top, and the common people at the bottom.
From the 14th and 15th centuries, national unity began to develop, leading to the growth of cities and towns. A rising merchant and banker class, the bourgeoisie, emerged, marking the first appearance of capitalism. Royal power strengthened with the support of the bourgeoisie, leading to social upheavals and conflicts. The first persecutions of Jews began.
The printing press, a crucial invention, appeared in the 15th century, facilitating the rapid development and dissemination of culture. Literacy and the enjoyment of literature were limited to the clergy and some nobles, heavily influencing their religious views.
Literature in the Late Middle Ages
Alfonso X “The Wise” played a significant role in 13th-century literature. He established a spelling system, enriched the lexicon, and fostered the Galician-Portuguese lyric school. The Toledo School of Translators incorporated Latin and Eastern culture and scientific works into Romance languages. As culture reached the courts, there was a promotion and dissemination of humanist culture.
Medieval literature evolved into an art form. The pessimistic view of the world began to disappear in the 14th century, replaced by anthropocentrism. A sense of vitality emerged, although some authors, like Jorge Manrique, remained influenced by the previous era.
Jorge Manrique: Author and Poet
Jorge Manrique was a Spanish poet who fought alongside Isabella I of Castile. He was a knight and commander. Unusually for the time, he held a high social status despite not being a cleric. His brief but important work includes love poems, devotional pieces, satirical works, and allegorical compositions influenced by traditional and Provençal poetry.
Coplas por la muerte de su padre
His most famous work, “Coplas por la muerte de su padre” (Verses on the Death of His Father), also known as “Coplas de Jorge Manrique” or “Verses on the Death of Master Rodrigo,” marks a high point in Spanish poetry. Written after November 11, 1476, this collection of 40 stanzas reflects on the transience of life, worldly goods, and death. It includes a eulogy to his father, highlighting his prudence, fortitude, courage, and valor.