1937 Unification Decree: Franco’s Rise to Power
TEXT 25. Unification Decree Extract (1937)
1. Classification
This is a primary, direct legal text of a political nature, created during the Spanish Civil War. It was issued on the “Nationalist” side, aiming to unify various right-wing groups supporting the military uprising. The decree was a unilateral act by Franco, driven by the desire to end political turmoil and consolidate power. It was influenced by German pressure and a vision of an integrated state. The decree unified the Falange, JONS, and Traditionalists (Carlists). Franco consulted with various factions but made the final decision. The decree was issued in Burgos, the headquarters of the rebel forces, and addressed to the Spanish people and supporting political groups.
2. Historical Context
The decree is framed within the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), specifically during the Northern campaign. The July 1936 uprising failed in major cities, leading to a prolonged civil war. The Nationalist side lacked a unified political project, with diverse groups ranging from monarchists to fascists. Franco emerged as the leader, consolidating power after the death of General Sanjurjo. Key milestones included the creation of the Technical Board in Burgos and Franco’s appointment as Generalissimo. The militarization of society led to the suspension of political activities. In February 1937, Franco established the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS as the sole party, further consolidating his power. The Unification Decree was not a result of popular support but a state-imposed measure to increase Franco’s control.
3. Analysis and Commentary
The April 19, 1937 decree aimed to create a “single national polity” by merging the Falange and Requetés, who were seen as representatives of the uprising. In practice, it required membership in this new force for most public positions, effectively absorbing other political parties. The decree recognized the importance of both Falangist and Carlist traditions, combining them under the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Monarchists and other conservative groups were absorbed, including the CEDA. The new party served as a tool for Franco to strengthen his power, suppressing dissent and adopting symbols and ideologies from fascist states. The ideology of FET y de las JONS became the basis of the new regime, incorporating traditionalist, conservative, corporatist, and fascist elements. It promoted a unified Spanish identity, rejecting regionalism and internationalism. The totalitarian idea implied state control over all aspects of social life, with political participation channeled through “organic” institutions. Economic policies aimed to eliminate poverty and exploitation, with state intervention and mandatory vertical unions. Conservatism and traditionalism were evident in the confessional nature of the state, with Catholicism as a core element of Spanish identity.
4. Conclusion
The brief text of the Unification Decree is crucial for understanding the political organization of the Nationalist camp and the formation of Franco’s authoritarian regime. By early 1937, Franco had amassed significant power, controlling the military and civil administration. However, he faced internal challenges from various factions. The decree aimed to unify these forces under his leadership, creating a single movement responsible only to him. Franco appointed his brother-in-law, Ramón Serrano Suñer, to lead the movement. The decree led to the formation of the first government of the new state in January 1938, with power concentrated in Franco’s hands. The government was composed of conservative forces, including Traditionalists, Falangists, and military leaders. The Nationalist side abolished social measures adopted during the Second Republic, restoring privileges to the Church and suppressing dissent. Franco’s Spain became a military dictatorship, persecuting leftist parties and Freemasons.