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Posted on Jan 27, 2021 in English

Active & passive forms

We form the passive voice with be + past participle. We use be in the same tense that we would use in the active sentence.

(active) Consumers buy many products online.

(passive) Many products are bought online by consumers. Form The present simple passive is formed as follows:

 When we form the passive in other tenses, we use be in the same tense as we would in the active sentence:

Spelling

Some irregular verbs have very different past participles.

Some verbs don’t have a passive form. This includes intransitive verbs (which don’t take an object) such as die, sleep and swim.

Use

We use the passive to emphasize the action (the verb) rather than who or what (the agent) did the action. Compare: I bought a new phone last week. (Active – it is important to say who bought it.)

Thousands of my new phones are bought every day. (Passive -it isn’t important to say who buys them.)

The passive with by

In active sentences, the subject of the verb is also the agent (the person doing the action). When we change an active sentence into the passive, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject. We add by + agent to the end of the passive sentence to show who is doing the action.

We can omit by + agent from a passive sentence:

• when the agent is unknown. My bag has been taken. (I don’t know who took it.)

• when the agent is very obvious or not important. The thief was arrested. (The agent – the police – is obvious.)

• If we do not want to name the agent. The mirror was broken while we were moving it. (We don’t want to say we broke it)

Passive with two objects

When an active sentence has two objects, there are two possible passive sentences. To rewrite this kind of sentence in the passive, one of the objects becomes the subject and the other remains the object. The object that is changed into the subject is emphasized.

Impersonal & Infinitive verbs

News reports often use the following passive construction the verbs belive, rumore and report:

It + (be) + past participle + that.

-They believe that the thief got away.

It is believe that the thief got away.

-they think that sales are going up.

it is thought that sales are going up.

-they spread a rumour that the shop will close.

it is rumored that the shop will close.

Modals in the second conditional 

We can use modals instead of would in the result clause of a second conditional sentence.

• to show ability.

-If I ha dime he could help in the community.

• to show possibility

-if he won 1 million he might give it all to charity.

we can use could in the conditional clause of a second conditional sentence:

• to show ability.

-if I could speak Mandarin I will help at the community centre.

• to show possibility

-if you could have any job what would you do?

• to give permission

-if we could where our own clothes then we will be happy to come to school.

Modals in the third conditional

We can use modals in the result clause of a third conditional sentence:

• to show ability.

-If i had posted my form in time I would have voted in the election.

• to show possibility

-if they have no about the electron they might have voted.

We can use cold + perfect infinitive in the conditional clause of a third conditional sentence to show ability

-if he could have voted he would have done.

Wishes & regrets

We can use wish in a number of ways:

• to express regrets about the past.

Form. wish + past perfect:

I wish I hadn’t voted for him. (I did vote for him. Now I regret it.)

• to express a desire for the present.

Form: wish + could

I wish I could stand for election. (I want to but I can’t.)

• to express a dissatisfaction with what somebody is doing in the present. We don’t use this about ourselves.

Form: wish + would

I wish he would stop making that noise. (He’s making a noise. I want him to stop.)

The causative

We use have or get + object + past participle when a person does a task for us.

We use have + object + past participle when a person does something bad to us.

As long as, even if, providing that, unless

Conditional clauses usually start with if In some situations we can replace if with unless, providing that or as long as.

• We can use unless to mean if . not in negative conditional sentences. Compare:

We’ll be late if we don’t leave now.

We’ll late unless we leave now.

• We can use even if instead of if to show that the result will not be affected by the condition Compare:

-The workers won’t strike if their wages are increased (The workers will strike But it their wages are increased, they won’t strike.)

– The workers will strike even if their wages are increased (The workers will strike if their wages are increased and if their wages are not increased )

• We can use providing that or as long as (usually in first conditional sentences) to mean but only if Compare:

-Crime levels will continue to fall but only if we keep the same number.

– Crime levels will continue to fall as long as we keep the same number.

– Crime levels will continue to fall providing that we keep the same number.

Conditionals

Conditional sentences contain two clauses: a conditional clause (which starts with if) and a result clause. We can change the order of the two clauses, but when the conditional clause comes first, we follow it with a comma

There are several types of (conditionals, which vary according t the degree of probability they express.