A Journey Through History: From Early Middle Ages to the Reformation
Characteristics of the Early Middle Ages
- No centralized government
- No education
- No literacy
- Ends up with those who fight, farm, pray
- Feudalism
- Manorialism
Changes of the High Middle Ages
- Techniques in farming (horses, new plants)
- Trading got reestablished
- Merchants decided to stay at lord’s land and pay them monthly fee & form towns
- Universities
Late Middle Ages
- 100 year war: France & England, everything falls apart
- Magna Carta – Document John had to sign:
- Keep out of the church
- Should be a council of kings & churches that meets regularly
- Cannot put people in prison without due process, convictions cannot be over the top
Architectural Styles
Romanesque
- Thick walls
- Round arches
- Sturdy piers
- Groin & barrel vaults
- Large towers
- Decorative arcading
- Small windows
Gothic
- Pointed arch
- Ribbed vault
- Taller buildings
- Rose window
- Flying buttresses
Bubonic Plague
- Traveled through rat/human fleas through trade routes
The Renaissance (Rebirth in French)
Why Italy?
- First one to start trading again (wealthy)
- Had a lot of city-states which are easier for change
- More urban areas & more interaction with people
- Later Italian artists moved North due to war with France & Renaissance was spread
Changes in Renaissance Art
-rebirth of Greek&Roman art, perspective,anatomical realism,chiarasucro(대비),sfumato(blending) General emphasis of renaissance was on individuals(humanism)Medici(Lorenzo)-Florentine bankers&patronsNiccolo Machiavelli-interest in politics,wrote The PrinceJohannes Gutenberg-invented printing press&movable typeGerman man-father was free peasant&owned mine,father married upper class woman&had high expectations for manMoment of Bargaining-on his way back home from lawschool he gets struct by lightning&has the moment of bargaining,becomes a monkMartin Luther-German man,trys everything to be best monk and does 10 good deeds a day&confess sinsTower experience-Luther goes up the tower to get his grandpa to purgatory,and he begins to doubt he was reading the Bible at the tower and reads Paul saying salvation is a gift from god Luther has his Pifany moment that salvation cannot be earned and only faith is requiredDifference between Lutheran and Catholic-1.Justification by faith-Lutheran:only faith is required to earn salvation,Catholic:faith and good deeds get you into heaven2.Source of truth-Lutheran:only source of truth is the Bible,Catholic:Bible&other sources3.Sacraments-Lutherans:2sacraments(eucharists,baptists),Catholic:7sacraments4.Purgatory-Lutherans:No purgatory,just heaven and hell5.Hierarchy-Lutherans:no priest,popes,bishops,monksHenry VIII’s wives-Catherine of Aragon(devorced bc no heir&caused reformation of Anglican church),Anne Boleyn(executed,treason),Jane Seymour(mother of EdwardVI,died childbirth),Anne of Cleves(ugly),Catherine Howard(treason),Catherine Parr(outlives Henry)Types of Calvinists-Huguenots(France),Puritan(England),ChristianReformed(Netherland),Presbyterian(Scotland)Lutheran-Germany,broke away from the Catholic because Germans didn’t like that Catholic Churches took a lot of money from them without representationAnglican-HenryVIII,England,broke away bc he wanted a divorce,no christian hierarchyCalvinist-Switzerland,broke away bc predestination,eucharists are purely symbolicPresbyterian-John Knox,Scotland,governed by eldersAnabaptists-Switzerland,doesn’t believe that babies can get baptized,two sacraments(communion,baptism)Jesuits-Ignatius of Lavola,protects the Catholic Church,education of individualsParts of Cathedral-Nave(hallway),Crossing(middle where cross),Transept,Apse(round part where praying),Ambulatory(beneath apse),Radiating chapel(chapel w windows),Aisle,Narthex
Egypt-Hatshepsut(poisoned her husband&son to get in power),Nefertiti(pretty wife of Akhenaton),RamsesII(enslaved Hebrews,most powerful),Bantu(traditional African ethnicity group),Vizier(king’s advisor),Menes/Narmer(united Egypt)Kush-Piankhi(took over Egypt),Meroe(capital of Kush)Aksum-modern day Eritrea&Ethiopia,Ge’ez(language),Adulis(trading center),Ezana(ruler adopted Christianity),Mahrem(god),decline bc Muslims,Efe(ppl who migrated into Congo rainforest)Ghana-was called Wagadu&gold,Kumbi-Saleh(city to keep religion pure)Mali-Sundiata,Islam,Mansa Musa(Muslim),Mansa Muhammad(traveled to China),Ibn Battuta(Mali is safest place on Earth),TimbucktuSonghai-Sunni-Ali,Askia MuhammadSwahili-Ethnicity,coast had city states such as KilwaGreat Zimbabwe-huge stone buildings,Mutapa(empire found by person from Zimbabwe),Sahel(coast in Arabic)Judaism-Caanan(land of Hebrews),Torah,Abraham,covenant(agreement between god&human),Moses(freed Hebrews in exodus),10commandments,Saul(first king of Israel),David(made Jerusalem capital),Solomon(son of David),Judah(broke away),messiah(savior),Zionism(Jewish Nationalism)Christianity(Roman Catholic,Byzantine)-Apostles,Pontius Pilate(Roman governor sentenced Jesus to death),Paul(help spread Christianity),Peter(first pope),Edict of Milan(legalized christianity),Council of Nicaea(agree on christian beliefs),great schism,Pope UrbanII(started the crusades),Council of Clermont(whether should help Alexius or not),Saladin(Muslim fought in the crusade),Theodosius’s edict(made Christianity official),Cardinals(highest of Catholic Church),College of Cardinals(made to pick the next pope)Islam-Muhammad,Khadjah(first Islam),Kaaba(temple in Mecca),Mosque(Muslim place of praying),Shari’a(rules),Caliph(successor of Muhammad),House of wisdom(library,academy,etc),Umayyads(dynasty came into power),Five Pillars(declaration of faith,5 daily prayers,10th of income,fasting in Ramadan,pilgrimage to Mecca)Hinduism-Sanata Dharma,No founder,Sanskrit(Aryan Language),Caste system(Brahmin,Kshatriya,Vaisya,Sudra,Untouchable),Vedas(holy text),Moksha(goal of Hinduism,state of no desires when Atman joins Brahman),Samsara(cycle of reincarnation based on Karma),Jainism(everything has soul)Buddhism-Siddhartha Gautama,Nirvana(state of peacefulness),Eight fold path,Five percepts,Four noble truthsConfucianism-personal&govermental morality,respect for eldersDaoism-Laozi,living in harmony with nature,natural order>social order,WuWei(effortlessness action),DaoDeJing(writing)Legalism-Shi Huangdi,powerful government=key to social order,no books&harsh punishmentsMandate of Heaven-blessing of ancestry,dynastic cycle(dynasties getting replaced by Mandate of Heaven)XiaDynasty-Yu,LegendaryShangDynasty-Cheng Tang,writing starts through oracle bonesZhouDynasty-Wu Wang,longest,overgrown,feudalism&Mandate of HeavenQinDynasty-Shi Huangdi,Great Wall of ChinaHanDynasty-LiuBang(Gaozu),civil service tests,silk road,Empress Lu(killed boys to keep power),Emperor Wu(Wudi,expanded GWOC),Xiongnu(nomads invaded China)SuiDynasty-Yang Jian(Wendi),great canalTangDynasty-Li Yuan,biggest,Empress Wu(kills ppl to get in power)Song Dynasty-Taizu,innovations,feet bindingMongols-Genghis Khan(Temujin),effective because 1.Planning2.adaptability3.Terrifying,Pax MongolicaEffect of Reformation-Catholic Church made its own reform,many christian dominations appeared,europe was no longer under one church