Agrarian Structures, Livestock, and Industrial Enterprises

Posted on Jan 10, 2025 in Geography

Agrarian Structure of Space

  • Cultivated Space: Size, shape, and boundaries.
  • Sparse Population: The population lives in houses in the field.
  • Concentrated Population: The population lives in villages.

Agriculture: Agricultural Practices

A. According to Water Usage:

  • Rainfed Farming
  • Irrigated Farming

B. According to Cultivated Species:

  • Monoculture Farming
  • Polyculture Farming

C. According to Soil Usage:

  • Intensive: High number, low productivity.
  • Extensive: High and low productivity.

Agricultural Systems

A. Agriculture Subsystems:

  1. Fire-Shifting Cultivation or Slash-and-Burn.
  2. Intensive Asian Monsoon Agriculture.

B. Market Agriculture:

  1. Modern European Agriculture
  2. Mediterranean Agriculture
  3. Extensive Plantation
  4. New Countries

Livestock

A. According to Capital Investment and Labor:

  1. Extensive Cattle Farming: Low investment and low productivity. Species (bovine and ovine). Develops in the Western U.S., Northern Mexico, Northeastern Brazil, the Pampas, Argentina, the Republic of South Africa, Australia, China, India, and others.
  2. Intensive Livestock: High productivity, cattle, pigs, and poultry. Develops on the Atlantic Coast of Canada, the USA, Europe, and New Zealand.

B. According to Livestock Feed:

  • Stock Rearing: Animals are outdoors and feed on natural resources.
  • Housed: Livestock concentrated in barns and farms, fed artificial feed.
  • Semi-Housed: Intensive livestock mixed system.

C. According to the Mobility of Livestock:

  • Nomadic: Herders in continuous mobility with herds in search of natural pastures (Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East).
  • Transhumant: Seasonal displacement of shepherds and flocks (Mediterranean countries of Europe and Northern Africa).
  • Sedentary: The cattle are moved to obtain food, which is provided to livestock with natural forage or feed.

Classification of Main Types of Industrial Enterprises

1. According to the Origin of Capital:

  • Private Companies: Partnerships and individual.
  • State-Owned Companies
  • Joint Ventures

2. According to Size:

  • Small Business
  • Medium Enterprise (SME)
  • Large Companies

3. Special:

  • Multinational

Industrial Connectivity:

  • Vertical
  • Horizontal

Definition and Characteristics of Heavy Industries

Heavy IndustriesMajor Producing Countries
IronChina, Brazil, Australia, and India
SteelChina, EU, Japan, Australia, USA
AluminumChina, Russian Federation, Canada, United States, Australia
CopperChile, Japan, and Russia
Heavy ChemicalU.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, Japan, and Russia

Classification of Main Types of Industries:

1. Heavy Industries:

  • Metallurgical Industry: Iron and Steel, Metallurgy: Copper
  • Chemical Industry

2. Equipment Industries:

  • Construction Materials (cement, concrete)
  • Agricultural and Industrial Materials (machine tools for industry and agriculture)
  • Transport Materials (air: aircraft), (naval: boats), (rolling stock: wagons, tracks)
  • Aerospace (satellites, spaceships)
  • Wood and Paper (pulp and paper)
  • Electrical, Electronics, and Computer (devices or machines that speed up industrial processes: electronic brains, robots)

3. Consumer Goods Industries:

  • Food
  • Automotive
  • Light Chemical
  • Electronics and Computing
  • Textile