Animal Nutrition, Metabolism, and Respiration
Nutrition: Metabolism:
qimics d ls q reactions depend reproduction, manteniminto d structurs, development and ability to Stimulo d Respondre.
Catabolism:
(get energy) molec.Compleja – molec.Sencilla + E, EJP: cellular respiration.
(Repair and mentine structurs) molec.Secillas + E – molec.Compl.
Processes:
Capture and ingestion:
Ingestion: introduction d alimnts body nl x dl animal.Normalmnt the boca.Tipos:
ingstion Passive peqeñs cn Acuatics animals specialized movilida.Structuras Scase : cilia, choanocytes, filters.
Ingstion active:
animals possess organs cn q pra movimint capture and subjection dl alimnto.Structurs: tentacles, Cell. Urticants, radula, appendixes.
Digestion:
NCTM hidrolitics d transformation x mol.Compl. No sencills pra his absorcion.Tipos:
intracellular (Porifera) ls coanocits attract and fagocitn the particular lisosoms and rompn PSAN cn ls ls ls amebocits q sust.Nutritivs to the repartn.
Extracellular (vertebrads and most invert) ls nzims s viertn ace nlqs a digestion tube gradualmnt.
Mixed: (coelenterates)
Absorption:
molec.Resultants d ls ls dsd l PSAN digestion tube x diffusion or active transport to a ls q liqido carries.
Gas Exchange:
the aerobic resp.Celular is O 2and CO 2d waste products. L sl respiratory ncarg d provide O 2and eliminate CO 2.
Excretion:
l cn l apparatus with circulatory xcretor eliminate the resp.Celul d ls wastes.
Nutrients are utilizn pra obtain energy and molecules d mayr sintetizr complexity.
Carbohydrates:
provide monosacaridos.Se mployment cm Source ls quick energy d (legumbrs, bread, cereals, fruit)
Lipids:
fatty acids provided, qs reserve utilizn cm energetica.Ls phospholipids form membranes sirvn pra celulars (d bacon meat, oil)
Proteins:
provide amino acids, sintetizn ormone, pra form neurons and Encoders nuevs protein (meat, fish, legumes)
Vitamins and salsa min.:
necesitn no regular purchase process l imprescindibls digestivo.Sn metabolism (juice, fish, fruit, vegetables)
Water:
no need dig.Ls terrestrs process animals have mechanisms to avoid pra perdids xcesivas d ls x producids water defecation, excretion and evaporation.
Alimntacion eqilibrada:
1g Carbohydrates> 4kcal, 1g protein> 4kcal; 1g lipid> 9kcla.
Calorie:
amount pra d heat required to raise a degree centigrade the temp. D a gram.
Match d alimnts:
alim.Energeticos: rich n the main carbohydrate and funt d lipido.Constituyn energia.Ls cereals, pulses, manteqilla, fat.
Alim.Plastico:
rich n amino acids, proteins produced necessary pra q l d crecimint and renewal tejids.La meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese.
Alim.Reguladors:
rics n reguln vitamin and water q l dl funcinominto body and have importants alimntaria.Ls LEVELS d fiber vegetables and fruit vegetables.
Aparats digestive Model d:
incomplete: ( coelenterates and flatworm) a single opening d mouth and anus, not efficient.
Full:
ano.N have mouth and the front has a mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach.
middle: intes.Medio (digestion and absorption)
Back: intest . Later (absorption, and defecation)
Peristaltic waves:
progress contraccions PERMITNO musculars q l cn alimnt and mix enzymes.
Apt.Diges.D invertebrate: incomplete flatworms:
dig.Mixta.Tienen mouth, pharynx, and branched int.Muy removed x xcremnts cerrado.Ls enema.
Full: Anel:
they mouth, muscular pharynx, esophagus, crop (storage), gizzard (cntraccions musculars and sand q grans triturn alimnto d) intestine (cn dig.Qimica nzima and absorption), anus.
Nematodes:
k onds peristaltic q acn avanc l dsd alimnto front to back dnd is digested.
Echinoderms:
mouth n the bottom (has 5 rooms form the lantern masticadors q aristoteles d) short esophagus, stomach q vn cn laps to arms, int.Peqeño, anus.
Molluscs:
cn mouth radula (rasping organ function cn jaw), esophagus, stomach (dnd viert l hepatopancreas), int., anus.
Arthropod:
cn apendics mouth (maxillary, mandibular and palps (flavor)) l according alimnto diferents.
Insects:
mouth (apendics and gland.Salivares), esophagus, crop, gizzard, int., anus.
Apt.Dig.Vertebrados:
DIGETE cnstituid x tube (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, int.Y sno) and pour juices glands attached q dl nl digstivs inner tube.
Boca:
cavities open to staying dnd ls XTERIOR Dinter and lngua.
Dients:
fish, amphibians and Reptils: conical; serve pra catch prey and renewed cnstantmnt.Mamiferos incisors (cut), canines (tearing) , premolars and molars (grind). Aves, monotremes and turtles: no Dinter, but peak.
Language:
mobile, muscular organ, cn numerous papillae gustativas.Funcion: mix food and facilitate swallowing.
Pharynx:
q muscular tube participates No swallowing.
Esophagus:
cnducto muscular pharynx connects q stomago and medinte cn ls l contraccions peristaltics l alimnt drives.
Stomach:
dig.Dnd dilation tube disintegrates dl l alimnt.:
Reptils:
very dilated.
Birds:
cn very muscular gizzard and glandular q stomago secretes gastrics jugs.
Ruminants:
divided n belly, a grid, book-curd, int.Medio, thin and grueso.En birds, pecs, reptiles, amphibians No sewer flows.
Dig.N Apt rights:
Mouth: teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 molars, 2 premolars.
Tongue salivary glands:
Saliva softens and helps alimnto l digestion and removes bact.Cntiene d azucars mucin, amylase and lipase.
Bolo; Pharynx:
swallowing; l dl palate veil cover holes communicate cn q nose and epiglottis claps traqea.
Esophagus:
has contraccions peristaltic alimnto l q ace advance.
Stomach:
PH l ls bact removed. Ys softens alimnto.Transforma l l pepsin pepsinogen No, this breaks down proteins n peptides, the renin coagulates the lexemes; dl mucin protects stomach walls.
Int.Delgado:
duodenum: qimica digestion (25cm) Maltase (breaks maltose), sucrase (breaks sucrose) lactase (breaks down lactose) peptidase (breaks and are derived peptides acids) lipase (breaks down fats) Jejunum and Ileum: d nutrients and water absorption (6.75M) (1m)
Liver:
body organ + grand dl, dl sta below diaphragm. Nl bile is produced pra q serve ls emulsify fats.
Pancreas:
sta dl dbajo q stomago.Tiene gland produces insulin and pancreatic juice.
Intstinal Absorption:
THROUGH digested alimntos step d d ls dl apt.Dig walls. To blood or mayr linfa.La nutrints part d ls nl s 1 meters absorb ints.Delgado.La dl blood carries nutrients q x Half Day veins converge n-hepatic portal vein igado.El blind horn l s a region short form cn d sac just nl q vermiform appendix, which causes inflammation called apendicitis.Se straight
20 cm ls q ints.Grueso just last dl nl anal canal.
dl gas exchange processes: cellular respiration: the process which mdint l ls cn oxidize nutrients s presence dl oxygen, the energy q liberand gradualmnt contain.
Resp.Externa:
d gas exchange agency etween l l d environment through respiratory surfaces.
Resp.Cutánea: l gas exchange occurs through the entire body surface d dl animal. (Sponges , cnidarians and flatworms) Ls q oligochaetes have distribuyn gases.Ls sist.Circulatorio amphibians and fish have resp.Pulmonar or gill.
Resp.Branquial:
gills: structures breathing more life pra eficacs nl water. Dif.Ntre internal and external gills:
External:
flashy, makes l mov., Mov. Pra renew continuous water projects internal nl, ms old; (molluscs, aquatic larvae, insects, crustaceans, amphibians).
Internal:
sta n an interior cavity and need ventilation; evolucionads ms; (molluscs gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, decapod crustaceans and fish.)
Resp.Traqueal:
(insects and arthropods alguns terrestrs)
Trachea:
tube invagaciones dl d n a d exoesqeleto qitina.Se ramificand n vn cn l traqeolas.Se communicate XTERIOR x stigmas respiratorios.Ls puedn insects ventilate when making mov. Flying corporales.Ls qs dilatn have air sacs and contract through ls mov. Dl body intrcambio d pra facilitate gases.
Resp.Pulmonar:
lungs cavidads highly vascular internal communication cn q stn n d 1 atmosphere xterior.Acompañads distributed apt.Circulatorio q O 2and removes CO 2. types: diffusion ventilacion.Ls amphibians d d utilizn pump pressure, swallowing and q consist No ls l nviar air pumps d pulmons.Ls reptiles have succion.Ls birds have a special structura q ql permit air to flow n ntra one direccion.El air and leaves the traqea x which divides N bronqios.
Apt.Resp.Humano :
formed a series d x tube x ls l air which makes its way nostrils till dsd ls ls yn reverse pulmonary alveoli.
Lungs formed joint xl d bronchioles, alveoli and capillaries surrounded conjuntivo.Recubiertos d d tissue visceral and parietal pleura, q q-space stan n qeda contacto.L etween the two is called the pleural cavity and contains a lubricant q liqido prevents friction.
Pulmonary Ventilation:
l pra renew is air.
Inspiracion:
nl diaphragm contracts, it flattens and falls; ls músculs intercostals contract, they expand the thoracic cja n l aumnta the chest cavity volumn.
Espiracion:
nl diaphragm increases relaxation; musc.Intercostales relax, the volumn cav.Toraxica l decreases.
DIFFERENCES N LS Breaths:
PLATYHELMINTHES: cutanea.PECES: pulmonary or branquial.ANFIBIOS: pulmonary or branqial.AVES: pulmonar.REPTILES: pulmonar.MAMIFEROS: pulmonar.INSECTOS: gills or trachea. Arthropods: traqeal.MOLUSCOS: branqial.BIVALVOS: branqial.CEFALOPODOS: branqial.CRUSTACEOS: branqial.