Antisocial Personality Disorder
1. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by a persistent pattern of socially irresponsible behavior, which usually begins in early adolescence, even a little before, during puberty, and reflects disregard, contempt for, and violation of the rights of others, lack of interest or concern for others, lack of remorse for harm they may cause, inability to learn from experience, low frustration tolerance, irritability, and failure to recognize one’s own guilt or responsibility with many duties to third parties.
A subgroup experiences a sadistic pleasure in his ability to lie with cunning, to hurt and exploit other people.
The pattern of behavior is manifested in “The continued failure to adapt to the current legislation in the society in which it occurs, would explain the multiple involvement in criminal acts (crimes against property, vandalism, theft, etc.)”.
The tendency to deceive, lie or manipulate others, in order to obtain personal benefits (economic, sexual, power, etc.)
“Impulsivity is manifested in poor planning of your projects or making decisions without considering the consequences, among others.
“Experiencing feelings of irritability, hostility and anger that result in aggressive acts such as fights, abuse, etc.
-The reckless disregard for their own safety and that of others, who would emerge as the driving behavior unwise, unsafe sex, drug use, etc.
-A consistently irresponsible behavior (unexcused absence from work, breach of financial commitments, etc.).
“The absence of feelings of guilt or remorse for the consequences of acts realizados.
Componentes basic personality, which are:
- The high degree of impulsivity.
- La lack of empathy or the inability to “get under the skin” of the greater need for stimulation demás.
- La normal, ie constant search of emotions fuertes.
- El moral.
- La poor or underdeveloped personality settings from these features, together with an extensive and consistent history of antisocial behavior, violent and repeat offenders are the elements that will lead to the diagnosis of antisocial disorder (or conduct).
4. Features of emotional or interpersonal area
4.1.1. Personal charm and verve
Psychopaths tend to be talkative and get people to express themselves with charm, witty answers and present have stories which, although unlikely, may be convincentes.tienen a great capacity for inventive and brash at the time to talk and discuss things.
4.1.2.Egocentrism and grandiose sense of self-worth related.
is very high self-esteem and create special, superior and therefore must follow their own rules. Look for the control of others and believe in possession of reason, reaching not explain that other people do not share their opinions or ideas.
It is common to attribute their problems to external causes or third parties, and not become concerned or responsibility in solving the pose mismos.se ambitious, that they can fully trust
achieve everything they want but others can be outside of its small capacity and lack of attitude and / or skills to support them.
4.1.3. Lack of remorse and guilt.
Psychopath is not worried about consequences that their actions have on others, does not show any shame in manifestarlo.capaz to apologize and say he feels
Much has been done, all their actions and verbalizations, whether prior or subsequent, clearly contradict this repentance.
specialist justify their actions, strongly deny their responsibility or question the existence of such behavior. show itself as a victim actually having had many difficulties, problems or deficiencies from virtually the beginning of his life.
4.1.4. Lack of empathy.
A person is unable to empathize with others, is a candidate sure to inflict injury to otro.absoluta inability to understand how other people feel, even the most cercanas.vínculos establishing non-affective, but utilitarian people who want or appreciate are, for the psychopath, people who belong and which also covers all your needs are clearly not giving anything cambio.esta characteristic explains the implementation of cruel behavior, even criminales.psicópatas act so inconsiderate, manipulative and aggressive to gain advantages and benefits.
4.1.5. Deceit and manipulation.
The psychopath is a genius in the art of lying, cheating and manipulation, lies and cheats full no purpose but as a way of strengthening their capacity to hacerlo.Es fully aware of who is lying and is also know to whom specialist
can lie or what kind of lie will be believable to some or other people.
4.1.6. Superficial emotion.
The emotional speech
lacks nuance and emotional expression is often false, there is no consistency between what they expressed verbally and non-verbal behavior and body language show.
1. Thought
Is the mental capacity that allows us to organize, make sense and interpret the information available in the brain.
Should be considered as a faculty thought inclusive of the human mind by which perceptual processes are combined, memorization and rational lead us to the formation of new concepts or decision making in solving problemas.El thought is the means by which human beings human razonamos.los we differ from animals in the possibility of developing a
logical and abstract thought find your vehicle transmitter simbólico.algunos language authors consider that other capacities within the mind, such as imagination or fantasía.Jung established relations between thinking and feeling, and said that the union of both is rationality humano.el structured thought of being psychic contents from the point of view of reasoning, while the feelings would be the result of the emotional life of the person, not strictly subject to the logical processes of thought.
Rating:
- Rational Thought: Characterized for the development of concepts and the use of logical forms of reasoning (induction, deduction, etc.)..
- Imaginative Thinking: Using the imagination and fantasy, the mind conjures up images that have not been collected in the immediate reality.
- Thought creator: Synthesis of rationality and imagination, this kind of thinking fosters creativity and original responses. The creations of art, science or any field are directly related to this type of pensamiento.diferente
- intuitive level of abstraction and concrete thinking:
Is one that has a low level of abstraction is reduced to concrete things or the immediacy of sensitive data.
Abstract thinking: He is one who establishes relations between generic concepts. This does not include individual characteristics of objects or events analizados.psicólogos distinguish:
- Reproductive Thought:
It consists of updating the strategies of learning and memory available to find a concrete solution. Therefore, merely to recover what is already known beforehand.
- Thought productive: solutions to problems incorporating new and creative elements. That is, does not simply remember patterns of responses, but may create new, previously untested by the subject.
1.4. The reasoning
a kind of logical process by which we establish relationships between ideas to reach a conclusión.razonamiento, therefore, operates primarily with concepts, abstractions which sonresultados previous.
Abstraction is a mental operation that allows us to move from ideas individual and concrete ideas generales.métodos most common are logical reasoning: Deduction: A method that is characterized by some data from accepted as true, whose relationship suggested a conclusion.Induction: reasoning that is characterized by the analysis of events that belong to the same class, among whom we observe a series of relationships. It concludes with a general law that encompasses all facts pertaining to this class and are linked by this relationship. 1.5. Relations between thought and language. The reasoning and categorical syllogisms: the fallacies of the arguments of the day to day. The structure of an argument is divided into enunciados.Cada propositions or proposition has one of two possible functions: premise or conclusion. The number of premises and conclusions are the different structures of this kind of deductive reasoning. A syllogism is an argument consisting of three propositions, two of which are premises (reasons) and one conclusión.cuando talk about thought and language, it is important to remove the weight that the language not only to articulate the
thoughts but also to confuse the reasoning processes
1.9. How are language and thought? Thinking is based on a kind of “inner language” developed in childhood rather tierna.Jean Piaget, children progress in their use of language with autism go through a phase, then a self-centered and Finally, one social. Lev Vygotsky, children increased the use of such language when they should resolve problemas.el egocentric
egocentric speech is separated from the social to be constituted as inner language, the basic structure of pensamiento.investigadores
certain forms of thought (such as causal inference) state supported by an inner speech. Giacomo Rizolatti discovered, there is a type of neurons that respond to the actions undertaken by people who are not self, the ‘social brain cells. “He called them” mirror neurons are activated as when we see demásllevar out yourself known movements do and, therefore, is able to imitate. This recent finding may we suggest that the formation of abstract concepts may have emerged from communication between people. 2. Language 2.2.. Definition and classification “symbolic system that is produced and understood by a species that allows effective communication.” Skinner: By imitating gestures and sounds from adults and through the process of internalizing mental associations between sounds and objects, the child will acquire the language, as Skinner.Chomsky: Asserts the existence of an innate capacity of the human species, which would support the language. According to his group, would be manifested in a set of
rules of a universal grammar and, therefore, common to all be explained lenguas.Así deep similarities between all languages, while differences particulares.argumenta the ability to recognize syntactic structures is innate in humans2.3. Neural correlates in the brain and language processing psycholinguistics most defends the opposite: children’s brains are able to represent certain conceptual generalizations derived from their perception before you start speaking, so it is believed that the thought precedes language . brain areas involved in language processes are in the cerebral hemisphere i zquierdo. observation of the French neurologist Paul Broca about a man who had lost the ability to speak. Postmortem study of this patient revealed a lesion in the left frontal region, Broca’s area, which is mainly responsible for language production, while the understanding of language lies in a brain area located in the temporal lobe of the brain: the area Wernicke. These two areas are interconnected by the fasciculus arqueatus. As for the syntax and semantics, you can measure brain activity when we heard three types of sentences: correct phrases (“We fed the chicks’). Sentences with semantic errors (“We fed the book”). Sentences with syntactic errors (“We gave chicks to eat”). Wernicke language processing is not limited to this area, speaking also a front region adjacent to Broca’s area, more specialized sintaxis.las in the two areas are in the cerebral hemisphere izquierdo.es entire right hemisphere processing prosody. the right hemisphere is mainly specialized in processing first emocional.Nuestro brain processes grammar and syntax, then semantics, while the right hemisphere processes the emotional content of the message we heard
3. Emotion “episodic processes that occurred in the presence of some stimulus or internal or external situation, which has been evaluated and rated as potentially able to produce an imbalance in the body, leading to a series of changes or subjective responses, cognitive and physiological and expressive engines, changes are closely related to the maintenance of balance, ie adaptation of an organism to specific environmental conditions in continuous change. “Emotion classification
basic emotions (primary or fundamental) and complex emotions (secondary or derivative.) basic emotions are often characterized by facial expression and a typical setup own coping (Ekman and Friesen, 1982).For example, how to deal with anger is the attack. Emotions come from the core complex, sometimes as a combination of these. No defining facial features or a special tendency to action. For example, jealousy is a complex emotion that can have very different coping strategies for different people and situations. (Clusters), which are sets of emotions of the same specificity. For example, within the family of anger, including anger, anger, resentment, hatred, anger, indignation, and so on. The distinction between positive and negative emotions, emotions are ambiguous, which may be deemed positive or negative depending on the situation experienced. Some authors call them problematic or borderline (Lazarus, 1991) and others, neutral (Fernández-Abascal, 1997). The negative emotions are unpleasant crashes experienced when a goal against a threat or an energy and pérdida.requieren mobilization to address the situation more or less urgente.las pleasant and positive emotions are experienced when we get a goal. The confrontation is the enjoyment and well-being that provides the excitement. 1. Fear of negative emotions: fear, horror, panic, terror, distress, fear, fobia.Ansiedad: anguish, despair, anxiety, stress, worry, longing, tastelessness, consternation, nerviosismo.Ira: rage, anger, resentment, hatred, anger, anger, resentment, hatred, exasperation, tension, excitement, restlessness, bitterness, animosity, hostility, irritability, hostility, violence, anger, jealousy, envy, impotencia.Tristeza: depression, frustration, disappointment, grief, sorrow, pain, sorrow, despair, pessimism, melancholy, self-pity, loneliness, discouragement, apathy, longing, despair, disgust, preocupación.Vergüenza: guilt, shyness, insecurity, embarrassment, shame, modesty, shame, enrojecimiento.Aversión: hostility, contempt, bitterness, animosity , antipathy, resentment, rejection, distrust, disgust, revulsion. 2. Joy Positive emotions: excitement, euphoria, excitement, happy, fun, pleasure, thrill, gratification, satisfaction, infatuation, ecstasy, alivio.Humor: causes: smile, laugh, laugh, hilaridad.Amor: affection, esteem, affection, sympathy, empathy, acceptance, warmth, confidence, kindness, affinity, respect, devotion, adoration, reverence, infatuation, gratitud.Felicidad: joy, peace, inner peace, bliss, serenity, satisfaction, well being. 3. Ambiguous emotions. Surprise, hope, compassion. 4. Cognitive control an abstract entity that designates a number of mental processes superior lobe which is responsible prefrontal.se refers to those mental abilities that are more developed in humans and embracing many threads subprocesos.estos designate to the concept of executive functions since its purpose is to run something or perform an executive function objetivo.las allow us to direct our behavior toward a goal concreto.lóbulo front (in particular the prefrontal) is the headquarters responsible for all these executive functions mentioned. Cognitive control as thought control, it is from the moment we have
metacognitive skills (ie, thinking about our own thinking), such as metamemory (thinking about our own memory) or on the memory and thinking of others.
3.Prevalencia the antisocial. E s the index indicates the percentage of people who have a particular trait or disorder. 4. Differential diagnosis of antisocial disorder. At the time of the diagnosis of antisocial, must be
rule out other disorders that may be related, or share features. In this disposal is called differential diagnosis. personality disorder, the person concerned must be 18 years, and must have evidence of antisocial behavior before age 15 años.trastornos more confusion in relation to antisocial, those related to abuse disorder sustancias.diagnóstico antisocial only be undertaken when there is clear evidence of antisocial behavior before adulthood, and, where such behavior or personality change is not associated with consumption. narcissistic, lack of sincerity, toughness, superficiality, lack of empathy and a tendency to exploit other personas.en the narcissist does not manifest impulsivity, aggression, or often have a history of impulsivity delictivos.La behaviors, the need for strong sensations, superficiality, daring, the desire seduction and manipulation of others are the characteristics it shares with histrionic, antisocial behavior of people with paranoid personality disorder, usually appears as a desire for revenge and not due to the desire for personal gain or to exploit others as is the case
people with antisocial, suffer a high-profile neuroticism, high scores on psychoticism (excess), and total lack of warmth, thoroughness and conscientiousness (default). 5. Psychopathy ‘psychopath’ the person with no feelings, no scruples and capable of committing any atrocidad.dos types of traits that constitute the psicopatía.Uno that have to do with emotional or interpersonal area, defining the psychopath as someone self-centered, manipulative, lying and cruel, and the second would have to do with the style Life antisocial, running for outbursts, impulsive and capricious manner. 6. Conclusions. Crimes resulting in death are, in general, the greatest social impact producen.Podemos yeco understand, to a more cognitive than emotional, a stressful situation and a strong emotional charge, bring a person to commit a crime. Typically, psychotic who have committed a crime, spend the rest of his life under constant surveillance and family, because suicide risk is permanent. What we can say with little risk of being wrong, is that behind most brutal behavior, displays of unimaginable violence and cruelty in actions, not common among people with a mental disorder or personality, and yes that are characteristic of psychopaths.
4.2. Aspects related to lifestyle. 4.2.1. Impulsivity. unable to delay gratification, and his urge to satisfy immediate needs is what it takes to be impulsive. In this sense acts in a capricious and outbursts. 4.2.2. Low self-control in general, the response of the psychopath to the setbacks, frustrations, criticisms or charges often very violent, both verbally and físicamente.facilidad with the passing of a state of rage, anger or hostility to normal expression of behavior violent, real emotional charge of it is low and remains obedient soul kind of theatricality as in reality, the violence is carried out coldly and feeds on itself. 4.2.3. Intense sensation seeking is a candidate to participate in activities that lead to the limit of high-risk vértigo.deportes, taking drugs, having bizarre sexual behavior, etc.. Psychopath A person develops a kind of tolerance to stresses, need to experiment on a recurring basis, such acts. 4.2.4. Lack of accountability does not take responsibility for fulfilling relationships sociales.no another set guidelines or rules imposed by the social and judicial system. 4.2.5. Behavior problems in young psychopaths start maladaptive behaviors, disruptive and vandalism from an early age. Kind of behavior seen in children and young people from structured environments, protected and promoters of this type of behavior. 4.3. Antisocial people antisocial correspond to what is known as a criminal habitual.las antisocial characteristics are related to the implementation of antisocial behavior. 4.4. Narcissistic narcissistic disorder and psychopathy share the tendency to emotional toughness, lies, superficiality, abusive treatment and lack of empatía.la impulsivity, the tendency to destruction, aggression and deceit are more prevalent in psychopathy. psychopaths, feelings of envy and the need to be admired are lower than in people with narcissistic personality disorder. 4.5. Psychotic disorders clearly distinguish between a person of a psychotic sociopath, is that in the first case there is no deterioration in the perception of reality. Common symptoms of psychotic disorders are delusions, hallucinations, disorganization of verbal expression and profound changes in the state of ánimo.El psychopath knows that you are using deception and erratic know the information it provides.The person who is delirious, delirium confer on the range of evidence. The psychopath can interpret reality, but does not create this reality as a person does when he is in a delusional episode. That does not confuse their beliefs or ideas with facts, which does make the delusional. changes in the thinking of people with a psychotic disorder have to do, usually with the theft of thought, or induction or external control of their foreign ideas.situaciones the alucinaciones.Otra feature is the presence of a sometimes numbing afectivo.en , the psychopath does not seek to convince professionals that is mentally ill and invents an easy thing to relate to schizophrenia. That makes it more dangerous
1.6. Fallacies (or thinking errors) common one. Affirming the consequent. This fallacy is an argument of type “A implies B, B is true, then A is true ‘. It is the opposite of denial of the antecedent. 2. Argumentum ad numerum. Consists
to say that the more people believe in a proposition, most likely to be true. 3. Argumentum ad verecundiam. The recourse to the authority uses the admiration of a famous person to seek support in a statement. This type of argument is not always incorrecto.Hawking is a physicist, and therefore we can reasonably expect their views about the radiation of black holes are well fundamentadas.Penrose is a mathematician, so it is questionable who is well qualified
to discuss issues of artificial intelligence. 4. Circulus in demonstrating. Is where it is assumed as a premise the conclusion that
want to go. Usually the sentence is reformulated with the objective that the fallacy appears válido.El reasoning is completely circular reasoning, the premise is the same as the conclusión.Los circular arguments are surprisingly common. It is desirable
keep this kind of fallacy to detect baseless arguments. 5. Converting a conditional. This fallacy is an argument such as ‘If A then B, then if B, then A’. 6. Denial of the antecedent. This fallacy is an argument of type “A implies B, A is false, then B is false.” In this case the problem is not that the implication is invalid but the falseness of A does not allow us to draw any inference from B. 7. Fallacy of division. It is about taking ownership of something must apply to its parts, or
ownership of a collection of individuals is shared by each of the members. 8. The extended analogy. It is assumed that name two or more different locations in a debate in relation to a general rule is an assertion that these situations
are analogous. 9. The fallacy of natural law or the appeal to nature. The appeal to nature is a common fallacy in discussions políticas.Una version is to make an analogy between a particular conclusion, and one aspect of the natural world, and then say that such conclusion is inevitable because the natural world is similar. Another way to appeal to nature is to argue that because being is a product of nature to imitate their behavior, not doing so would be unnatural. 10. The red fish. This fallacy occurs when someone introduces irrelevant material to the issue which is discussed in order to distract the attention of all towards
a different conclusion.11. The scarecrow is when misrepresents the position of the other to attack with ease. Then he destroys the wrong position and concludes that the wrong position has been destroyed. It is a fallacy because it is the real reason you want to question. 1.7. Thinking and problem solving. The science is used to validate methodological hipótesis.escuela of Würzburg (Külpe, Bühler and Ach) analyzed the phases of the decision of problemas.pasos: 1. Preparation: to be aware of a problem, be identified earlier, ie that a given situation do we go from initial state to a final state of a situación.Previamente we collect materials and knowledge to enable us to analyze different possibilities for action. 2. Incubation subsequently is more good to have a waiting period before you act immediately. Thus, the mind proceeds to cognitive restructuring of the materials, organizing them systematically and seeking to establish meaningful relationships. 3. Lighting: is the sudden appearance of the phenomenon “Eureka!” So that the solution to the problem we face clearly. In terms of Köhler would say that is a sudden insight or understanding: our brains
establishing new relationships between all elements present before we were inaccessible. 4. Assessment: is designed to verify if the solution is right or wrong, that is, if it works or not to solve the problem satisfactorily
2.4. Sign language and the brain or gestural sign language of the deaf are highly structured systems of grammatical complexity almost comparable hablado.el sign language to language is accompanied by activation of the cerebral hemisphere
right to produce language the deaf use the area homologous to Broca’s area for the production of movements and for understanding, homologous to Wernicke’s area for processing visual.las injured areas correspond to the left hemisphere and would be located in areas Broca and Wernicke, just in areas that would have injured one person left hemisphere sorda.el
develops a vital role even in sign language. The right hemisphere lesions do not affect the production and comprehension of symbolism, since it is the left which decodes the messages and coordinates and prepares producción.los equivalent to patients with Broca’s aphasia have difficulty in representing the forms and lenguaje.personas mimicry positions, as in the case of non-deaf, have an injury to the area of Broca.Toda person born with a language center, regardless of whether it is mimicking, English, French or Chinese2.5. Language and psychopathology associated with altered language. Language-related diseases can affect Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area (or both at once). Language dysfunction in aphasia is called when you have a cerebral origin (as opposed to origin bucofonatorios bodies). There Broca’s aphasia (production dysfunctional, intact comprehension), Wernicke’s aphasia (production intact, understanding dysfunctional). A particular subtype of aphasia is called anomie, that is the difficulty or inability to name objects, people or places (a phenomenon “tip of the tongue ‘). Disorder is typical in the early stages of neurodegenerative dementias that involve the temporal lobe (Alzheimer’s disease). circumlocution, which serve as substitutes for the word that can not be accessed. Dyslexia-The inability to read is called dyslexia. Studies Galaburda (1994). The brains examined showed significant abnormalities in the arrangement of cells consisted corticales.anormalidades abnormal cell clusters that distorted the available column of the cerebral cortex. Some cells were misguided and had excessive folds. Stutter. The brain shows hyperactivity of certain frontal regions and right hemisphere Broca’s area hypoactivity of the left hemisphere. Stutterers compensate for the hypoactivity left to right hyperactivity. Schizophrenia, symptoms features: (1) delusions (2) hallucinations (3) disorganized speech (frequent derailment or incoherence) (4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior (5) negative symptoms, for example, burglary affective abulia.La alogia or schizophrenia involves a primary disorder of brain dopamine pathways and leads associated with ventricular dilatation and atrophy of the frontal lobe.
3.3. Components of emotions. There are at least three components of emotions: 1. Sentimiento: emotion is a private and subjective feeling. Humans can exhibit an extraordinary range of states that experience. These indicators of subjective experiences may or may not objective indicators. 2. Alert (arousal) physiological: the emotion is a physiological alertness:
a display of bodily responses characteristics of each of the emotions we can experience. This alert or physiological arousal emotion allows us to examine both in nonhuman animals and humans.
3. Action: emotions are actions considered as “emotional”, like the conduct of defense or attack in response to a amenaza.Este aspect of emotion is directly related to Darwin’s idea about the functional roles of emotion. Darwin suggested that emotions play an important role in survival because they help to generate appropriate reactions against occurrence of events in the environment that require an immediate response 3.6. Psychopathology associated with emotions. Alexithymia to emotional processes related to language and a little more pensamiento.profundizar brain processes an easy way to take and, thirdly, that its neurological causes have been discovered recently.1. Alexithymia difficulty at the time of giving verbal expression to emotions is due to a poor connection between the original centers of emotion and the centers where their percepción.Consiste given the inability of the person to identify emotions propias.Estos patients have few skills
insight into their own states afectivos.han anomaly in a brain area that links emotion with which analyzes, formulates and conocimiento.cuando making calls to patients reminding alexithymic emotional environment of their childhood, tend to describe as devoid of emociones.En alexithymics, emotions are generated in a non-conscious part of the brain (limbic system) but do not reach the cerebral cortex, home of the conciencia.Cuando these patients are images with strong emotional changes are observed activity in the anterior cingulate, which is well above the normative pattern when the images are good, and well below the activation pattern when the images have normative connotations negativas.el anterior cingulate is activated more when the person is aware of their own emotional experience. 2. Kluver-Bucy syndrome described an unusual syndrome in primates that had undergone surgery at the lobule was an extraordinary effect temporal.característica amansador.volvieron docile and no longer showed neither fear nor aggression. : Ate objects that could not be eating, hypersexuality also observed. 3. Mood Disorders reactive disorders when they respond to both internal and external circumstances without organic pathology is its emotional desencadenante.Episodios: Major Depressive Episode Manic Episode Mixed Episode Hypomanic Episode Depressive Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Depressive Disorder Disorders Bipolar: Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified