Argentina in the 1940s: War, Coups, and Perón’s Rise
Argentina in the 1940s
The World at War and Argentina’s Neutrality
The 1940s began with the world engulfed in World War II. Despite the global conflict, Argentina maintained its neutrality, a stance it had also held during World War I (1914-1918). This allowed the nation to continue trading with its primary partners. However, this neutrality would become increasingly strained as the decade progressed.
Political Upheaval and the Rise of Perón
In 1943, Argentina experienced its second coup d’état, ousting the conservative government of Ramón Castillo. This marked the end of a period of fraudulent elections and a fragile democracy. Among the military ranks seizing power was a figure who would become pivotal in Argentina’s history: Juan Domingo Perón.
In 1946, then Lieutenant Colonel Perón secured a landslide victory in the general elections, becoming president with significant support from the working class. Perón’s rise marked the beginning of a new era in Argentine politics, with Peronism becoming a dominant force.
Perón’s influence permeated all aspects of Argentine society, from economics to education. This period witnessed a sharp division within the population, creating a clear distinction between Peronists and anti-Peronists.
1940: Political Maneuvering and Electoral Fraud
President Ortiz attempted to address electoral fraud, intervening in the province of Catamarca. However, fraudulent practices continued, impacting the Buenos Aires gubernatorial election. Despite this, the UCR (Radical Civic Union) won legislative elections in Buenos Aires, consolidating its power.
President Ortiz’s health deteriorated, forcing him to delegate power to his deputy, Ramón Castillo. This effectively halted the progress towards democratic reform.
1941: Economic Plans and Growing Tensions
Finance Minister Federico Pinedo proposed an economic recovery plan, emphasizing industrial growth and state intervention. However, electoral fraud remained a contentious issue, opposed by the UCR.
The government established the National Directorate of Military Industries, promoting domestic production. Political tensions escalated, leading to the dissolution of the City Council and the imposition of a state of siege.
1942: International Pressure and Political Transitions
Argentina resisted U.S. pressure to declare war on Germany. The death of radical leader Marcelo T. de Alvear marked a significant political loss. President Ortiz formally resigned due to illness, with Castillo officially assuming the presidency.
1943: The Coup and Perón’s Ascent
The death of General Justo, a leading conservative candidate, led to Castillo promoting Robustiano Patrón Costas as his successor. However, this decision was met with resistance within the military.
The GOU (United Officers Group), a military lodge including Perón, orchestrated a coup, deposing Castillo. General Arturo Rawson briefly held the presidency before being replaced by General Pedro Ramírez.
Perón’s appointment as Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare marked a turning point. He implemented policies that strengthened workers’ rights and improved social conditions.
1944: International Relations and Perón’s Growing Power
Under U.S. pressure, Argentina severed ties with Germany and Japan. An earthquake in San Juan provided Perón with an opportunity to demonstrate his leadership through relief efforts.
General Edelmiro Farrell replaced Ramírez as president. Perón’s influence continued to grow, assuming the roles of Minister of War and Vice President.
1945: Declaration of War and Perón’s Temporary Downfall
Argentina declared war on the Axis powers as a condition for joining the United Nations. Political pressure forced Perón to resign, but his support among workers remained strong.
A mass demonstration demanding Perón’s release and reinstatement highlighted his popularity. Anticipating the upcoming elections, Perón established the Labour Party, garnering support from diverse sectors.