Argentina’s Political Turmoil: 1930-1945
National Issues During Irigoyen’s Second Presidency
A nationalized oil project provoked tensions, aiming to create a monopoly and exclude foreign companies. The House approved it, but the Senate rejected it. The global crisis, marked by falling international prices and reduced foreign capital, also impacted Argentina.
Leaders of the Coup Against Irigoyen
The coup leaders were divided: nationalists, led by Uriburu, wanted to abolish elections and establish a corporatist system. Liberal conservatives, led by Justo, aimed to restore the Constitution and remove Yrigoyen’s influence.
President Ortiz and Reform
The Radical Civic Union initially abstained from elections (1931-1935). A coalition of conservatives, anti-personalist radicals, and Independent Socialists returned to power. Ortiz attempted reforms but faced obstacles due to illness and conflicting projects.
Economic Policies During the 1930 Crisis
Example: Import substitution industrialization was adopted to counter the effects of the global crisis.
Constitution and Freedom March (September 1945)
A broad alliance demanded a return to constitutional rule. The government, weakened by its late declaration of war on the Axis and pressure over Perón, lost initiative.
Liberal and Conservative Nationalists
Nationalists (Uriburu) sought a corporatist state. Liberal conservatives (Justo) aimed for constitutional restoration and an end to Yrigoyen’s influence.
President Castillo’s Practices
Castillo came to power amid Ortiz’s illness. He:
- Closed the Deliberative Council of Buenos Aires.
- Decreed a state of emergency.
- Favored nationalists.
Argentina remained neutral during WWII, aligning with both pro-British and pro-Axis interests.
Argentina’s Economic Position
The global crisis severely impacted Argentina’s export-dependent economy. Falling prices reduced government revenue and hindered growth.
Industrial Strategy
Local agricultural capitalists diversified investments (e.g., Bunge and Born). Stable wages and internal migration fueled industrial expansion. The state favored domestic industry through public works programs. The textile sector thrived, while others faced challenges due to import limitations.
October 17, 1945
Workers rallied in Plaza de Mayo demanding Perón’s release, demonstrating his support among the working class. Perón was freed, and his opponents lost power.