Athletic Training: Periodization and Adaptation

Posted on Dec 20, 2024 in Physical Education

System

A system is a set of interrelated elements. A system is characterized by its component elements and the relationship between these elements.

Planning and Periodization

Planning: Steering system performance factors. Integration, relation, order, controls.

Periodization: Structuring of the processes of development and deepening of the adaptations in logical periods.

What is the Purpose of Planning and Periodization?

Adaptation

Adaptation

  • Functional and structural response or the implementation of an effective stimulus.
  • Set of reactions of the internal response to a training load that is destabilizing the state of homeostasis.
  • Adaptations occur in all fabrics, devices, and systems.
  • Adaptations are heterochronic and specific.
  • Adaptations and changes can be positive or negative in relation to the objective of the load.

Steps in the Adaptation Process

  1. Impairment of motor control.
  2. Increased energy stores.
  3. Optimization of neuromuscular control in line with the structural changes made.
  4. Coordination of the hierarchical system.

Adaptation Process: Related Concepts

  • General Adaptation: Ability to respond to structural changes and/or appropriate functional budgets (genetic and acquired).
  • Potential of Training: The possibility that the application of loads, causing the desired changes. Complex object-oriented loads cause different adaptations (specific vs. nonspecific).
  • Partial Objectives: Loads of a single predominant orientation.

The effect of a charge will depend on protein synthesis and structural alterations in the cell (enzymatic and MAP), and the optimal use of the core factors required.

Features or Components of the Load

  • Volume: Quantitative
  • Intensity: Qualitative
  • Pause Charge: Density, recovery
  • Complexity: Level of difficulty (neuromotor)
  • Persistence: Qualitative (level of effort)
  • Character: Relation to maximum potential

Internal and External Load

Internal (Athlete)

Load

External (Coach)

Load reactions, conditional level, coordinator, and psychological. Symptoms that indicate the impact at biological, functional, and modified engine parameters.

Training plan designed by the coach. Combination of components/features of the load reactions.

Periodization Components

Planning for Many Years

Mega Cycle Planning: 2-4 years

Planning for 6 Months to 1 Year

Macrocycle Planning: 6 months to 1 year

Mesocycle Planning: 2-8 weeks

Microcycle Planning: 3-10 days

Meeting Planning: Day

Long-Term Planning

Long-Term Perspective
  • Conforms to several years depending on the age of the athletes, their preparation, and objectives.
  • Determines tasks and means of preparation with goals that are expressed in terms of growth and development of specific test capabilities and domain expertise or improving sports.
  • Includes stages of initiation, training, development, and sports mastery.
  • Onset depends on factors of personal and sports facility.
Long-Term Component – Four-Year Plan (Biennial)

4-year cycle. The basis of this plan is the timing. From this, it defines the tasks or objectives of each year, media distribution, dynamic loads, and skills training each year.

Objectives and Key Tasks

  1. Cycles: Annual and annual macros
  2. Schedule of major powers
  3. Sequence and duration of periods, and tasks in each
  4. Controls
  5. Dynamic athletic performance

Annual Component – Macro

  • The annual plan is part of the four-year plan.
  • Must consider all the components, means, methods, periods, controls, and objectives of each factor.
  • We consider a macrocycle as one year, or two or three annual macrocycles, depending on the number of terms we wish to make competitive.
  • A macrocycle takes place during the following sequence of biological and pedagogical aspects:
    • Biological: Phases of acquisition, maintenance, and loss of sport form.
    • Pedagogical: Preparatory period, transition, competitive.

Training Mesocycle

Characterized by training unit:

  • Microcycles with similar guidelines.
  • Microcycles use different orientations to obtain the effect of charge accumulated in the mesocycle.
  • It is a complete unit training.
  • This consists of 2-6 microcycles, depending on the period, ending in a clearing.

Types of Mesocycle

  • Introductory
  • Basic developer
  • Special developer
  • Stabilizer
  • Preparatory control
  • Pre-competitive
  • Competitive
  • Restoration-maintainer
  • Restoration-preparatory

Training Microcycle

Characterized by:

  • Usual duration of 7 days, options from 3-4 to 10-14 days.
  • Including days of rest or recovery.
  • Dynamics of variable loads.
  • Cycling used: 6+1, 5+2, 3+1, 2+1, 1+1.

Types of Microcycle

  • Adjustment or basic microcycle
  • Load current or microcycle
  • Shock microcycle
  • Pre-competitive microcycle
  • Competitive microcycle
  • Restoration microcycle

Microcycle Structure

Is determined by:

  • Total number of sessions, workload.
  • Different load order: maintenance, development, recovery.
  • Utilization and management of meetings: complex, select, supplementary.

Training Session

  • The basic structure is the training in a system of athletic preparation.
  • It is comprised of one or more units depending on the duration and purpose.
  • Each day of training may consist of one or more sessions.
  • Degree of fatigue and load level. It consists of the global demand from the stimulus applied, as well as the effect of the burden is on the basis of the foregoing or that happens.

Training Units

  • Training units are the smallest component of the process.
  • Sequence, contained, and different combinations of units, reflect the objective of each period.
  • Units are determined by the previous cargo load following.