Basque Language: Structure and Usage in Text

Posted on Jan 16, 2025 in Public Administration, Management, and Governance

Basque Language: Structure and Usage

The Backend

Iz. Sintagma (Noun Phrase)

  • Konpletiboak (Completive): -la, -I (what), -t(z)ea(s), to disseminate.
  • Questions: -n
  • Izenlagun Funtzioa (Adjective Function)
  • Erlatibozkoak (Relative): -tion, -Rico, on

Perpaus Bakuna (Verb Phrase)

  • Denborazkoak (Temporal – when): -(e)n, -(e)lari, -(e)netik, -(e)ino, the rest of
  • Arrunta (Regular – how): -(e)an, -(e)nez, as well as, -ta
  • Kausazkoak (Causal – why): -(e)lako, because, -agatik
  • Helburuzkoak (Final): -agatik, so
  • Konparaziozkoak (Comparative): … and how many weeks ago, …, … as much as, more than …
  • Kontzesiboak (Concessive): -(e)no, but, but (in), there is …, -(e)s if the I-
  • Baldintzazkoak (Conditional): (if any) .. Yes, -(e) if s, t(s) EKOTEK, if not, so … t(s) to
  • Kontsekutiboak (Consecutive): … so, so that, so what, and that he/non…bait-/-n

Aditza (Verb)

Aspektua (Aspect)

  • Burutua (Complete): -tu, -du, -i, O
  • Burutugabea (Incomplete): -t(s)en
  • Gertakizuna (Event): one, go-, -(r)en
  • Puntukaria (Intensive): A + + being adtz.lag.
  • Aspek.mark.EZ: O

Aldia (Period)

  • Present: has to …
  • Past: he was on
  • Fictitious: Well, if, if …

Modua (Mode)

  • Indikatiboa (Indicative): one-
  • Baldintza (Conditional): CC-, -able, well .., ba-ke ..-
  • Subjuntiboa (Subjunctive): (n):…- desire to prevent
  • Ahalera (Potential): -smoke, be-
  • Agintera (Imperative): CC-, -able

Izena (Name)

  • Nor/Nork/Nori/Nor-Nori/Nor-Nori-Nork

Kasua (Case)

  • Singular: O
  • Plural: -s, -it, -gion, -bytes, de …

Partizipioa (Participle)

  • + -tu, -du, -i

Hondoa (Base)

  • OR, organize a visit ….

Erroa (Root – Intensive only)

Aditz Izena (Verb Name)

  • + t(s)

Edukiaren Egokitasuna (Text Suitability)

  1. Text Type: Descriptive, Argumentative, Narrative, Explanatory, Dialogue …
  2. Genre: Opinion article, News, Interview, …
  3. Sequence
  4. Published by: Individual/Collective (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)
  5. Target: Universal, readers (this reference)
  6. Communicative Purpose: Inform and convince the recipient
  7. Subjective/Objective
  8. Tone: Uncertainty, irony, anger
  9. Presuppositions
  10. Code: Written in Basque
  11. Post
  12. Channel: Newspaper, Magazine …
  13. Necessary Encyclopedic Knowledge
  14. Register: Standard, Incorporated, Specific
  15. Intertextuality (“…”)
  16. Poliphony (in italics)

Kohesioa (Cohesion)

Erreferentzia Mekanismoak (Reference Mechanisms)

  1. Deixis
    • Deixis Pertsonala (Personal Deixis): Pertsona izenordainak (me, us), aditz pertsona morfemak (you Nauka)
    • Denborazko Deixisa (Temporal Deixis): Denborazko aditzoinak (yesterday, today, more)
    • Lekuzko Deixisa (Local Deixis): Lekuzko aditzondoak (there, here), aditzlagunak (in front of, behind)
  2. Hitz Ordezkoak (Substitute Words): Some, several, some (vague)
  3. Elipsiak (Ellipses)
  4. Anaforak (Anaphora): Mike is my friend, he is a pastor.
  5. Kataforak (Cataphora): He is a pastor, my friend Mike.
  6. Errepikapena (Repetition): Repeated word (keyword to understand the text)
  7. Sinonimoak/Antonimoak — Hiponimoak/Hiperonimoak (Synonyms/Antonyms — Hyponyms/Hypernyms)

Lotura Mekanismoak (Connection Mechanisms)

  1. Antolatzaileak (Organizers – amended at the beginning): Start, end, as a result, I think ..
  2. Konektoreak (Connectors – amended):
    • Emendiozkoak (Additive): And, in addition to …
    • Hautaketa (Alternative): Or, or …
    • Aurkaritza (Oppositional): However, while ….
    • Ondoriozkoak (Consequential): So, so, so …
    • Kausazkoak (Causal): In fact, but …
  3. Modalizazioa (Modalization):
    • Modalizatzaileak (Modalizers): Estimate of necessity, probability, certainty
    • Aditz Modua (Verb Mode): Indikatiboa—orain/lehen
    • Irony/Rhetorical Question
    • Sentence Types: Statement, command, uncertainty, surprise …
  4. Mendeko Perpausak (Subordinate Clauses): Konpletibo/Zehargaldera/Erlatibo/Denborazko/Arrunta/Konparaziozko/Kausazko/Helburuzkoa/Kontzesiboa/Baldintzazkoa/Kontsekutiboa

Balorazio Kritikoa (Critical Assessment)

  1. The goal is met, the tone is appropriate, and the register is proper.
  2. There is a good organization of ideas, the message is understandable, things make sense, repetitions are avoided.
  3. Punctuation, connectors, and organizers of the phrases are used successfully to understand the message.
  4. Agreement/disagreement with the news.
  5. Express your opinion with maturity.