Bourbon Reforms & Colonial Transformations in the Americas
Bourbon Reforms and Colonial Transformations
The Bourbon Reforms sought to strengthen Spain’s position against England and Portugal by establishing a more efficient administrative system, innovative policies, and a stronger economy.
Economic Impact
The reforms led to expanding regions and a loss of relative importance for others. The Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata was created, and the inclusion of Buenos Aires as an authorized port changed trade monopolies and regional realities. This led to increased farming in the region, with exports of hides and tallow to Europe. However, silver production in Potosi declined. The Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela benefited from the growth of tropical agricultural product exports, while the Viceroyalty of New Spain stagnated due to the decline in silver mine production. These changes reflected shifts in world trade.
Social Impact
The economic consequences of the Bourbon Reforms had significant social impacts, allowing for the enrichment of new sectors of society.
Indian Rebellion
A major conflict arising from the Bourbon Reforms was the expulsion of the Jesuits from America. This religious order had acquired great power in the American colonies, which the king perceived as a threat.
During British attacks, troops used uniforms and military equipment. In contrast, the defense of Buenos Aires involved a diverse group of people using whatever resources they had available.
New Ideas in America
Judicial consulates addressed trade issues and aimed to promote and ensure business development within their jurisdiction.
Manuel Belgrano’s work at the consulate in Buenos Aires involved debates with leading merchants, most of whom staunchly defended the Spanish monopoly. His most important work was the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas:
- Free trade, protecting and promoting craft productions, and supporting certain indigenous activities.
- Technical training, arguing for the need to train farmers, artisans, merchants, and prepare sailors.
Belgrano promoted the creation of drawing schools and a nautical academy.
The first newspapers were established, allowing for the dissemination of new ideas and informing people about the consulate’s activities. In Buenos Aires, the first newspaper was the “Telegraph Commercial, Rural and Histografico Rio de la Plata.”
New ideas also circulated in various social spaces, including councils, consulates, schools, and universities. Some university teachers and students shared books that spread Enlightenment ideals. Spanish and Latin American “patriotic societies” were created in several cities, bringing together local elites to foster economic improvements, discuss, and disseminate new knowledge. Cafes also became new public spaces where affluent men met to talk, read newspapers, and socialize.
Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy
The Treaty of San Ildefonso established a peace agreement with France in opposition to England and Portugal.
Abdication of Charles IV
Charles IV abdicated during the “Mutiny of Aranjuez,” a popular uprising. This led to the French invasion of Spain and the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil.
Impact of the Crisis
The crisis resulted in a loss of communication and isolation of colonial authorities from the metropolis.
British Domination of Maritime Trade Routes
The British implemented a naval blockade to prevent ship movement and engaged in contraband trade with the American colonies, taking the Cape of Good Hope after invasions of the Rio de la Plata.
British Invasions
First British Invasion
In 1806, commanders Beresford and Poplham attempted to invade the Río de la Plata, expecting an easy victory. However, they encountered strong resistance and fled without achieving their objectives.
Second British Invasion
In 1807, a British expeditionary group took Montevideo and then attempted to invade Buenos Aires. This time, the resistance was more solid and prevented the invasion.
Main Consequences of the Invasions
The main consequences included the destruction ordered by the viceroy and the creation of local military forces.