Catalan Novelistic Trends in the 19th Century
Bourgeoisie and the Novel
Historical Context
As the bourgeoisie gained political and social prominence throughout Europe, the novel experienced a period of flourishing. Authors sought to cater to the tastes of this new readership.
The Realist Novel
The 19th century saw the rise of the realist novel. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) pioneered the historical novel, while Honoré de Balzac, author of The Human Comedy, is considered a master of realism. Balzac viewed Scott as his mentor. The realist novel aimed to portray life truthfully, blurring the lines between fiction and reality.
Naturalism
Emergence and Characteristics
Led by Émile Zola, naturalism emerged in the latter half of the 19th century. It emphasized scientific observation and determinism in literature, drawing inspiration from the works of Charles Darwin and Hippolyte Taine.
A New Novelistic Model
Zola’s naturalism gave birth to the experimental novel, as exemplified in his works like Thérèse Raquin (1867) and The Rougon-Macquart cycle (1871-1893). These novels explored the darker aspects of human nature and society.
The Birth of Modern Catalan Novelistic Tradition
Early Developments
The 19th century saw a revival of Catalan literature after a period of decline. Antoni Bofarull’s L’orfeneta de Menargues (1862), a blend of historical and romantic elements, marked a significant development in Catalan narrative.
The Realist Novel: Between Customs and Realism
Catalan realism emerged alongside European trends. While authors like Marian Vayreda and Francesc Mas i Margall adopted a romantic realism, focusing on local customs and traditions, others like Narcís Oller embraced a more full-fledged realism.
Naturalism in Catalonia
Naturalism arrived in Catalonia through the influence of Zola, disseminated by critics like Joan Sardà and Josep Yxart. However, Catalan naturalism never reached the same intensity as its French counterpart.
Narcís Oller: A Key Figure
Narcís Oller (1846-1930) is considered a pivotal figure in Catalan naturalism. His novel La papallona (1882) showcased his narrative skills and creative talent. While not strictly naturalistic, his works like L’escanyapobres (1884) explored themes of social injustice and the dehumanizing effects of poverty.
Later Works and Legacy
Oller continued to write prolifically, experimenting with different styles and themes. His later novels, such as La febre d’or (1890-1892) and Pilar Prim (1906), showcased his evolving literary approach. Oller left behind a significant body of work and is regarded as a pioneer of the modern Catalan novel.
Characters in “La bogeria” by Narcís Oller
Daniel Serrallonga
The protagonist of the novel, Daniel’s life and descent into madness form the central narrative thread.
The Narrator
The unnamed narrator is a former student and aspiring lawyer who becomes acquainted with Daniel. The narrator serves as a conduit for the perspectives and opinions of other characters.
Armengol
A friend of both the narrator and Daniel, Armengol offers his own insights into Daniel’s condition and behavior.
Giberga
Daniel’s son and a doctor, Giberga possesses a detached and clinical view of his father’s mental state. He often makes insensitive remarks about Daniel’s madness.
Don Ignacio Serrallonga
Daniel’s father, whose suicide is believed to be a contributing factor to Daniel’s mental instability.
Adela and Carolina
Daniel’s sisters, who are described as manipulative and opportunistic. They challenge their father’s will, seeking to claim their inheritance.