Cellular Biology and Human Anatomy: Key Concepts

Posted on Jan 8, 2025 in Biology

**Distinctions in the Nucleus with Microscopy**

  • Euchromatin
  • Heterochromatin
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear membrane

**Etymology**

  • Mitosis: Thread
  • Reticuloendothelial: Networks
  • Eukaryotic: Good core
  • Endocrine: Inward
  • Exocrine: Spit out
  • Zonula: Small
  • Macula: Spot
  • Manx: Person

**Protein Structure**

  • Primary: Order of amino acids
  • Secondary: The coiling, more or less helical, of the amino acid chain
  • Tertiary: Folds and kinks of the secondary structure

**Serous Membranes**

  • Peritoneum
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium
  • Vaginal tunic

**Epithelial Tissue**

  • Squamous epithelium
  • Blood vessels are called endothelial

**Plasma Proteins**

  • Albumin
  • Globulin
  • Fibrinogen

**Leukocyte Percentages**

  • Neutrophils: 40-75%
  • Eosinophils: 0-0.5% (1-6%)
  • Basophils: Less than 1%
  • Lymphocytes: 20-50%
  • Monocytes: 2-10%

**Monocytes**

  • Large white blood cells
  • Kidney-shaped nucleus

**Plasma Cells**

  • Derived from B lymphocytes

**Leukopoiesis**

  • Production of white blood cells in the bone marrow

**Hematocrit**

  • Percentage of blood cells

**Cellular Structure**

  • Architectural G-CATC of the internal body

**Lesion**

  • Any morphological alteration in the human body structure

**Ribosomes**

  • Composed of rRNA and proteins
  • Constitutive of the cytoplasm

**Mitochondria**

  • Mitochondrial matrix suggests that before being a cellular organelle, mitochondria were independent prokaryotic cells.

**Nucleolus**

  • Site of ribosome synthesis

**Cilia vs. Microvilli**

  • Cilia: Formed by microtubules
  • Microvilli: Formed by microfilaments

**Cellular Transport**

  • Passive Transport: Movement of substances down the concentration gradient, does not require a carrier, does not require energy.
  • Active Transport: Movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy and a transporter protein.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Transport down the concentration gradient, requires a transporter, does not require energy.

**Exocrine Glands Classification**

  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Tubular
  • Alveolar

**Tubular vs. Alveolar Glands**

  • Tubular: Secretory function, tube-shaped
  • Alveolar: Spherical structure with ample light

**Trilaminar Appearance**

  • Present in the cell membrane

**Epithelial Tissue Classification**

  • According to layers: Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
  • According to cell shape: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

**Reticular Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)**

  • Cellular organelle formed by anastomosed tubules

**Merocrine Secretion**

  • Elimination by exocytosis of secretion granules

**Endocrine Glands**

  • Morphologically classified as cordonal or vesicular

**Digestive System**

  • Organs that perform related functions and originate from the same embryonic leaves

**Endocrine Gland Structure**

  • Cordonal: Most endocrine glands
  • Vesicular: Thyroid

**Sodium Ions in Blood Plasma**

  • Abundant due to the origin of life in saltwater

**Matthias Schleiden**

  • Botanist who contributed to cell theory

**Carcinoma In Situ**

  • Malignant epithelial cancer that does not cross the basement membrane

**Basophils and Mast Cells**

  • When polymorphonuclear basophils reach tissues, they become mast cells.

**Epithelial Tissue Types**

  • Intestine: Simple columnar
  • Bladder: Transitional
  • Bronchi: Pseudostratified columnar
  • Kidney: Simple squamous
  • Skin: Stratified squamous keratinized
  • Urethra: Stratified squamous
  • Vagina: Stratified squamous
  • Esophagus: Stratified squamous non-keratinized
  • Oral Cavity: Stratified squamous non-keratinized

**Chorion (Lamina Propria)**

  • Connective tissue that supports and nourishes the epithelium

**Basement Membrane**

  • Separates the endothelium and the chorion, visible with microscopy

**Pathology Suffixes**

  • -itis: Inflammation
  • -oma: Tumor (90-95% of cases)
  • -osis: Degeneration (5% of cases)