Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis: Key Concepts
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Key Questions and Answers
Photosystem 1
What is produced in Photosystem 1?
P700
Photosystem 2
What is produced in Photosystem 2?
P680
Light Reaction
Photosystem I & II are part of what reaction?
Light reaction
ATP Production
In animal cells, what organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cellular respiration – cytoplasm of the cell
Energy Source for Photosynthesis
What is the energy source for photosynthesis?
The Sun
Calvin Cycle
How would you describe the Calvin cycle?
It is a carbon reaction – a metabolic pathway that converts CO2 into glucose.
Reactants in Cellular Respiration
What are the reactants in cellular respiration?
Glucose (C6H12O6) & Oxygen (O2)
Krebs Cycle
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Cellular respiration – Mitochondrial matrix
Products of Cellular Respiration
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, ATP, Water
Krebs Cycle ATP Production
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
36 ATP
Enzyme for Krebs Cycle
What is the enzyme needed to start the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O — C6H12O6 + 6O2
Main Products of Photosynthesis
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen, Sugar
Heterotrophs
What do you call an organism that consumes preexisting organic molecules?
Heterotroph
Granum
What do you call a group of thylakoids?
Granum
Green Leaves
Why do leaves appear green?
Leaves appear green because all colors are absorbed except the color you see, which is reflected back.
Reactants of Photosynthesis
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Water, light, carbon dioxide
Energy Sources for Reactions
What are the energy sources for the light reaction and carbon reactions?
Sunlight – carbon dioxide
Thylakoid Membrane
What is the name of the membrane that contains the photosynthetic pigments?
Thylakoid membrane
Chloroplast Contents
What does the matrix inside a chloroplast contain?
Stroma, Granum, Thylakoid
Electron Transport System
Where does the electron transport system occur?
Mitochondria – cellular respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration is common where?
Cellular Respiration
Energy Capture
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all the energy in the molecule because of what law?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Protein Synthesis
The molecule that controls synthesizing or proteins occurs in what cells?
All cells
Chargaff’s Rule
What scientist demonstrated that DNA contains equal amounts of nitrogen bases?
Chargaff
DNA Structure
What scientists used X-rays to demonstrate the DNA structure?
Wilkins and Franklin
Nucleic Acid Building Blocks
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
DNA Nitrogen Bases
What are the nitrogen bases found in the DNA molecule?
Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine
Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
What molecule bonds with Sugar Phosphorus?
Nitrogenous bases
DNA Base Pairing
What type of bond binds the DNA molecule to its matching pair?
Hydrogen bonds
Purines
Which nitrogen bases are Purines?
Adenine, Guanine
DNA in Eukaryotic Cells
In Eukaryotic cells, where is DNA found?
Chromosomes
Gene
A sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for a specific protein or RNA molecule is called?
Gene
DNA Helicase
What is the enzyme that unwinds DNA?
Helicase
Primase
What is the enzyme that builds a short complementary piece of RNA at the start of each DNA segment?
Primase
DNA Polymerase
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to form new strands of DNA are?
DNA Polymerase
Causes of Mutation
What are the causes of mutation?
Spontaneous – DNA replication point – Prophase of meiosis – exposure to radiation/chemicals – crossover errors – germline mutation in gametes
DNA Rungs
The rungs of DNA matter are composed of what?
AT – CG
DNA vs. RNA
How does RNA differ from DNA?
DNA: AT-GC, double helical acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of all proteins.
RNA: AU – GC, the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is usually single-stranded, and RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
mRNA
What type of RNA carries the information to make protein?
mRNA
rRNA
What type of RNA aligns the ribosome with the messenger RNA?
rRNA
tRNA
What type of RNA carries amino acid to the ribosome?
tRNA
Transcription and Replication
Transcription and replication occur most commonly in what phase of cell life?
Interphase – S Phase
Promoter
The DNA sequence that signals a gene start is called?
Promoter
Transcription and Translation
Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main steps found in what?
Transcription – Translation
Nonsense Mutation
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon.
Frameshift Mutation
What is a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion of nucleotides that is not a multiple of three, altering the reading frame.