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Positive Freedoms: fundamental rights and freedoms that require acton by individuals to express and by governments to secure..
Civil Rights: fundamental guarantees ensuring equal treatment and protecting against discrimination under laws of a nation
Bill of rights: first 10 commandments
13th Amendment (1865):Abolishes and prohibits slavery
A super PAC ________: can spend unlimited amounts of money but must not coordinate with a campaign
American Political Parties: a two party system that has weak third parties.
American political parties ________.support candidates for office,
provide voters with labels, enact policies in government.
Apportionment: the process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data; states are divided into congressional districts that have at least one representative each.
Apportionment refers to ________: the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives
Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments to the Constitution
By “weaponized information,” Clinton meant _________.media sources were able to transform news stories into politically damaging information
Central to the concerns of protesters in Ferguson, Missouri, was _______.The treatment of African American men by law enforcement officials
Civil liberties are called negative freedoms because they _____.:place restriction upon governmental action
Civil Rights: fundamental guarantees ensuring equal treatment and protecting against discrimination under laws of a nation
Civil Rights Act of 1964: This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Civil rights are called positive freedoms because they _____.typically require citizens to take action to exercise them or the government to work to secure them
Commercial Bias: the shaping of the content and focus of news based upon the desire to capture news consumers.
Commercial bias refers to _________: the way in which the media shape their coverage to attract an audience
Communications Act of 1934: The Communications Act of 1934 combined and organized federal regulation of telephone, telegraph, and radio communications. The Act created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to oversee and regulate these industries.
Contributors to the processes of political socialization include _______.Families, schools, lived experiences
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) negated ________.the citizenship rights of African Americans
Election-specific factors that affect voter turnout include ________.presidential or non-presidential election years
Engel v. Vitale (1962): banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the ‘official’ religion.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
Factors that contribute to Americans’ relatively lower levels of voter turnout among representative democracies include ________.felon disenfranchisement, registration requirements, mobilization
FDR fireside chats: The fireside chats were a series of 30 evening radio addresses given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.
Federal Fiscal Year: October 1st to September 30th
Federalist Papers: a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution
Fifth Amendment: prohibits the government from forcing individuals to testify against themselves.
First Amendment: The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly.
For political scientist John Zaller, individuals’ opinions are shaped primarily by _______.knowledge and emotions
Gender Gap: a term that refers to the fact American women are more likely to identify with and vote for democratic party candidates than men, who are more likely to vote for Republican party candidates.
Gerrymandering: the intentional use of redistricting to benefit a specific interest or group of voters.
Gideon v. Wainwright: Established Right to an attorney
In a political campaign, money buys a candidate _______. media coverage,
get out the vote (GOTV) efforts, the possibility of scaring off potential challengers
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the supreme court ________.upheld legal segregation
Individual Salient Opinions: some strongly held opinions shape expressed opinions on other issues or candidate evaluations. tend to be more intense and stable
Individually salient opinions are important because they _________. Tend to shape opinions on other issues
Infotainment: a merging of information and entertainment in a way designed to attract viewers and gain market share.
John Zaller and Opinions: a 1992 non-fiction book by political scientist John Zaller that examines the processes by which individuals form and express political opinions and the implications this has for public opinion research.
Libel: expression in written form or similarity published media that defames a person’s character.
Miranda Rights: A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them, pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona.
Miranda Rights offer protections ______.during arrest
Motor Voter Laws: a law allowing Americans to register to vote when applying for or renewing their driver’s licenses and making it easier for Americans with disabilities to register to vote.
Negative Freedoms: Fundamental liberties the protection of which is ensured by restricting governmental action and authority
On the one year anniversary of Michael Brown’s death, Ferguson police responded to protests by ________.keeping lower profile
Orson Welles: An actor, director, producer, writer. Created one of the most renowned radio broadcasts of all time ‘ The War of The Worlds”
Partisan gerrymandering is designed to ________.concentrate the opposing party’s voters in a small number of districts
Penney Press: 19th century. American newspapers that sold for only one cent each, thus increasing the size of the audience that could afford to purchase them.
Plessy v. Ferguson: a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Political Socialization: the variety of experiences and factors that shape our political values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Positive Freedomsfundamental rights and freedoms that require acton by individuals to express and by governments to secure..
Prior Restraint: the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security
Prior restraint enables the government to _______.suppress a newspaper article
Public opinion is ______.the sum of individual attitudes about governments, policies, and issues
Public opinion surveys are _______.systematic attempts to make inferences about the opinions of large numbers of individuals by carefully sampling and asking questions of a small, randomly assigned sample of the larger population
Radio Act of 1927: the second radio legislation passed by Congress; in an attempt to restore order to the airwaves, the act stated that licensees did not own their channels but could license them if they operated to serve the “public interest, convenience, or necessity.”
Random selection of survey respondents is challenged by _______.the communications technology used to contact potential respondents, the time of day in which a respondent is contacted, the decisions of potential respondents to answer or not answer the survey
Roe v. Wade(1973): legalized abortion on the basis of a woman’s right to privacy
Schenck v. United States1919: Case involving limits on free speech. Established the “clear and present danger” principle.
Second Amendment: Right to keep and bear arms
Selective Incorporation: the piecemeal process through which the supreme court has affirmed that almost all of the protections within the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments
Slander: expression in spoken form that defames a person’s character.
SLOP polls: a survey in which respondents choose to respond to a survey prompt on their own.
A super PAC ________. can spend unlimited amounts of money but must not coordinate with a campaign
Super PACs: political action committees permitted to spend unlimited amounts of money in a campaign, though these actions must not be coordinated with that campaign.
Supreme Court Selection Process: According to federal statute, the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Supreme Court Terms: justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed from office.
Survey Random Selection: The purest form of sampling under the probability approach, random sampling provides equal chances of being picked for each member of the target population.
Telecommunications Act of 1996: The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business — to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.
The Bill of Rights affirms the fundamental rights and freedoms of ________.individual citizens
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 _______.Authorized the justice department to suer segregated school districts, outlawed employment discrimination based on racial identity, outlawed employment discrimination based on gender
The disadvantage in measuring public opinion that self-selected listener opinion (SLOP) polls and straw polls both share is __________.their respondents are not chosen randomly
The equal rights amendments (ERA) ________. was never ratified
The Gender Gap in American politics refers to the fact that _______.women voters in American elections tend to support candidates from Democratic Party in state and national elections
The merging of information and entertainment in a way designed to attract viewers and gain market share is called ______. infotainment
The penny press was important because ________.it brought the news to a much larger audience
The primary effect of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was ________.a consolation of ownership of media outlets
The primary motivation behind the Radio Act of 1927 and the Communications Act of 1934 was to ensure that ________.broadcasters could be sure that others could not encroach on their channels
The primary reason for two-party dominance in American political history is _______. the method of electing individuals to national office
The thirteenth amendment _______. abolished slavery
United States v. Windsor: Federal government must provide benefits to legally married same-sex couples
Voter Turnout: the percentage of eligible citizens who actually vote in a given election