Chemistry Fundamentals: Reactions, Equations, and Key Concepts

Posted on Apr 29, 2024 in Chemistry

Metals and Nonmetals

Metals

  • Group 1: H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Ag
  • Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
  • Transition Metals: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Au, Hg

Nonmetals

  • Group 13: B
  • Group 14: C, Si
  • Group 15: N, P, As, Sb
  • Group 16: O, S, Se, Te
  • Group 17: F, Cl, Br, I

Types of Oxides

  • Basic Oxides: Formed by metals, e.g., FeO (Iron Oxide)
  • Acidic Oxides (Anhydrides): Formed by nonmetals, e.g., SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide)

Types of Compounds

  • Metal Hydrides: Formed by metals and hydrogen, e.g., FeH2 (Iron Hydride)
  • Acidic Hydrides: Formed by nonmetals and hydrogen, e.g., HCl (Hydrogen Chloride)
  • Volatile Hydrides: NH3 (Ammonia), PH3 (Phosphine), AsH3 (Arsine), CH4 (Methane), SiH4 (Silane), BH3 (Borane), SbH3 (Stibnite)
  • Peroxides: Contain the O2^2- ion, e.g., Li2O2 (Lithium Peroxide)
  • Binary Salts: Formed by a metal and a nonmetal, e.g., FeCl2 (Iron(II) Chloride)
  • Hydroxides: Contain the OH- ion, e.g., Cu(OH)2 (Copper(II) Hydroxide)
  • Ternary Acids (Oxoacids): Contain oxygen, hydrogen, and another element, e.g., HClO (Hypochlorous Acid)
  • Ternary Salts: Contain three or more elements, e.g., Ba(ClO)2 (Barium Hypochlorite)

Naming Ternary Acids

  • -ic acid: Contains more oxygen than the -ous acid
  • -ous acid: Contains less oxygen than the -ic acid
  • hypo- -ous acid: Contains even less oxygen than the -ous acid
  • per- -ic acid: Contains even more oxygen than the -ic acid

Temperature Conversion

  • Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F – 32) * 5/9
  • Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C * 9/5) + 32
  • Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15

pH and Indicators

pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. Indicators, such as litmus paper and phenolphthalein, change color depending on the pH.

Chemical Reactions and Rates

Chemical reactions involve the transformation of reactants into products. The rate of a reaction depends on factors like temperature, concentration, and the presence of catalysts.

Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry

Chemical equations represent chemical reactions using symbols and formulas. Stoichiometry deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products.

Thermochemistry

  • Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat from the surroundings.
  • Exothermic Reactions: Release heat to the surroundings.
  • Activation Energy: The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
  • Enthalpy: The heat content of a system.

Gas Laws

The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas: PV = nRT

Waves

Waves are disturbances that transfer energy without transferring matter.

Units of Energy and Power

  • Joule (J): Unit of energy and work.
  • Watt (W): Unit of power (J/s).
  • Kilowatt-hour (kWh): Unit of energy commonly used for electricity consumption.