Chilean Health System and Nursing Theories
Health System in Chile
Health System in Chile: Consisting of the health ministry, SEREMIs (Regional Ministerial Secretariats), health services, IST (Institute for Occupational Safety), Central Supply (SNSS), and FONASA (National Health Fund).
FONASA: Raises, manages, and distributes resources; implements health financing measures; and handles equipment acquisition.
Care Management
Care Management: Implementation of trials, organization, motivation, and control of nursing care delivery.
Florence Nightingale’s Theory
Florence Nightingale: Her theory focuses on increasing knowledge and has 5 aspects: environment, emphasis on pure water, clean air, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and lighting.
Roles of the Nurse
Roles of the Nurse:
- Care: Based on planning and implementation of procedures.
- Educational and Administrative: Planning and scheduling daily tasks of nursing.
- Research: Analysis of problems and improvement of processes.
Legal Role Elements
Legal Role Elements: Person Equipped With: Reason and spiritual freedom to achieve individual full potential.
Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory
Dorothea Orem Self-Care Theory: Self-management is a learned activity by individuals, goal-oriented.
It also defines three conditions of self-care:
- Universal self-care requirements
- Self-development requirements
- Deviation self-care requirements of health
Self-Care Deficit Theory
Self-care deficit theory:
- Describes and explains the causes for such a deficit.
- Determines when and why the intervention of the nurse is needed.
Health and Nursing
Health: Health is a state that means different things to a person in different components.
Nursing: Help the individual to carry out and maintain self-care actions to maintain health and life, recover from illness, and/or address the consequences of this disease.
Callista Roy’s Adaptation Theory
Callista Roy: She developed the theory of adaptation, since in her experience in pediatrics, she was surprised by the resilience of children.
The theoretical bases used were Systems Theory and Evolutionary Theory. Considers man a bio-psycho-social being in continuous relationship with the environment that is constantly changing. Man is a complex biological system that is adapted to the four aspects of life:
- Self-image
- The physiology of the dominant role of interdependence
Man must adapt in the following areas:
- The basic physiological needs
- Self-image
- The domain of a role or role interdependence
Health and Nursing
Health: Health is considered as a process of adaptation in maintaining physiological, psychological, and social integrity.
Nursing: Defined as a system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to the care of the real individual or potentially sick.
Betty Neuman’s Systems Model
Betty Neuman: This model is based on general systems theory and reflects the nature of organisms as open systems.
This is a conceptual, visual representation, to think about humans and the nurses and their interactions.
The two main components of the model are stress reactions and systemic feedback loops.
Metaparadigm
Metaparadigm: Focuses on stress and reduction. The person is a multidimensional being with layers. Each layer is composed of five individual variables or subsystems:
- Physical
- Psychological
- Socio-cultural
- Physiological
- Spiritual Development
Health and Nursing
Health: “The condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the totality of the client (Neuman, 1995).”
Nursing: Neuman sees nursing as a profession that deals with all variables affecting a person’s response to a stressor. Neuman defined nursing actions as those that help individuals, families, and groups to maintain the highest standards of welfare, and the main objective is the stability of the patient/client through nursing interventions to reduce stress.