Cognitive, Behavioral, and Biological Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies
1. Why Cognitive and Behavior Therapies Share the Same Goal
Both cognitive and behavior therapies aim to help individuals develop new ways of thinking and behaving.
2. Characteristics of Cognitive Therapy
- Modifies people’s way of thinking
- Improves emotional health
3. Two Most Widely Used Cognitive Therapy Methods
- Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
4. Process According to Ellis: How People Develop Emotional Problems
People develop emotional problems when they base their behavior on faulty assumptions.
5. Role of the Therapist in REBT
The therapist identifies and challenges false assumptions.
6. Difference Between Arbitrary Inference, Selective Abstraction, and Overgeneralization
- Arbitrary Inference: Drawing conclusions without evidence
- Selective Abstraction: Drawing conclusions based on a single detail, ignoring other relevant information
- Overgeneralization: Drawing a general conclusion from a single experience
Behavior Therapy
8. Goal of Behavior Therapy
To help individuals develop more adaptive behaviors.
9. Two Categories of Behavior Therapy
- Operant Conditioning
- Counterconditioning
10. How Counterconditioning Deals with Phobia to Animals
It pairs the stimulus that triggers the phobia with a new, desirable behavior.
11. Aversive Conditioning and an Example
It replaces a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response. Example: To help someone quit smoking, the therapist pairs smoking with unpleasant sensations.
12. Psychological Disorders Effectively Treated with Operant Conditioning
- Schizophrenia
- Childhood autism
Biological Therapies
13. Most Widely Used Biological Treatment for Psychological Disorders
Drug therapy
14. How Anxiety Drugs Work
They depress the activity of the nervous system.
15. Controversy Surrounding Electroconvulsive Therapy
Concerns about passing electric shocks through the brain and potential side effects like memory problems.
16. Most Common Treatment for Major Depression
Antidepressant drugs
17. Drug Recommended for Bipolar Disorder
Lithium
18. Use of Psychosurgery
To reduce agitation and violence in individuals with severe psychological disorders.
Attitudes and Persuasion
1. Definition of Attitude
Beliefs and feelings about objects, people, and events that influence behavior.
2. Three Reasons Why Attitudes Are Important
- Influence how people feel and behave in certain situations
- Foster strong emotions
- Motivate behavior and shape worldview
3. Example of Conditioning During Childhood
Parents teaching their sons to respect girls.
4. Cognitive Evaluation
Evaluating evidence and forming beliefs based on those evaluations.
5. Cognitive Anchors
Early attitudes that shape how individuals perceive the world and interpret events.
6. How Attitudes Guide Behavior
People are more likely to behave in accordance with attitudes that are strongly tied to specific behaviors.
7. How Behavior Guides Attitudes
Attitudes may change to align with behaviors, especially when individuals are encouraged to act against their existing attitudes.
8. Persuasion
Attempting to change others’ attitudes or views.
9. Central Routes to Persuasion
Using evidence and logical arguments.
10. Example of Peripheral Route
Using an advertisement featuring a famous athlete to promote athletic shoes.
11. Two-Sided Arguments
Presenting both sides of an argument to discredit the opposition’s view.
12. Emotional Appeal
Persuading through emotions rather than logic.
13. Characteristics of Powerful Persuaders
- Experts
- Trustworthy
14. Characteristics of Individuals with Sales Resistance
- High self-esteem
- Low social anxiety
- Ability to decline requests for products or services
Psychoanalytic Concepts
Free Association
Relaxing and expressing whatever comes to mind.
Transference
Transferring feelings and expectations from one person to another.
Latent Content
Hidden meaning in dreams, interpreted by the therapist.
Cognitive Therapy
Helping individuals think about their problems in more productive ways.
Reciprocity
Tendency to return feelings and attitudes expressed towards us.
Amnesia
:Severe memory loss.
Post traumatic disorder:intense,persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused and experience.