Colonialism’s Impact and Spain in the 19th-20th Centuries
European Colonial Powers in Africa
Which parts of Africa did Spain, Belgium, and Portugal control?
- Portugal: Angola and Mozambique
- Spain: Spanish Sahara and parts of Morocco
- Belgium: Congo
Non-European Powers’ Expansion in the 20th Century
List two non-European powers that began their expansion in the twentieth century:
- United States: Acquired Cuba and Puerto Rico from Spain.
- Japan: Expanded into Korea and Manchuria.
Adverse Effects of Colonialism on Indigenous Societies
What were the adverse effects on indigenous societies?
- Disappearance of local governments.
- Introduction of European diseases.
- Loss of indigenous cultures.
- Imposition of boundaries disregarding ethnic groups.
Consequences of Colonialism
Main consequences of colonialism:
- Territorial expansion of colonial powers.
- Spread of Western Christian culture.
- Imposition of minority governments.
- Stimulation of industrialization in colonial powers.
Cecil Rhodes: British Imperialist
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
An English politician who sought to expand the British Empire, even through force.
Reasons for Spain’s Delayed Development in the 20th Century
Explain the reasons for Spain’s delay in the twentieth century:
- Continuous political changes, including changes in government and coups.
- Slow population growth.
- Late industrialization.
- Unjust social situation.
- High level of illiteracy.
Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807)
What was the Treaty of Fontainebleau?
An agreement between Manuel Godoy (Spain’s First Minister) and Napoleon to divide Portugal, allowing French troops to enter the Iberian Peninsula.
Mutiny of Aranjuez (1808)
What was the Mutiny of Aranjuez?
A coup or uprising instigated by Ferdinand VII against his father, Charles IV, which resulted in Godoy’s resignation.
Abdications of Bayonne (1808)
What happened to those accused of Bayonne?
Charles IV ceded the Spanish crown to Napoleon.
Spanish Guerrillas in the Peninsular War
What were the guerrillas?
Spanish groups that did not accept Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon’s brother) as king, taking refuge in the mountains to attack the French.
Spanish Victories Against France
List two Spanish victories against France:
- Bailén
- Los Arapiles and Vitoria
Cortes of Cádiz (1810-1814)
What were the Cortes of Cádiz?
In the absence of the legitimate king, Spanish politicians gathered in Cádiz, established an assembly, proclaimed national sovereignty, and approved the Constitution of 1812.
Carlist Wars (19th Century)
What were the Carlist Wars?
Civil wars between supporters of Isabella II and Charles V, who did not accept the Pragmatic Sanction (allowing female succession to the throne).
Periods of Queen Isabella II’s Reign
What three periods are distinguished during Queen Isabella II’s reign?
- Moderate Decade (Década Moderada)
- Progressive Biennium (Bienio Progresista)
- Collapse of Isabella II’s reign
Pact of Ostend (1866)
What did the Pact of Ostend signify?
It aimed to expel Isabella II and adopt a new constitution.
Constitution of 1869
What did the Constitution of 1869 establish?
It established a Bill of Rights (including freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association), national sovereignty, the division of powers, universal male suffrage, and a democratic monarchy.
Rural Exodus in Spain
What is the rural exodus?
It refers to the land expropriation from the church, nobility, and municipalities, leading to migration from rural areas.
Goya’s Most Important Works
What were the most important works by Goya?
The Family of Charles IV, The Charge of the Mamelukes, The Third of May 1808, and Witches’ Sabbath.
Major Spanish Writers of Romanticism and Realism
Major Spanish writers of Romanticism and Realism:
- Romanticism: Espronceda, Bécquer, and Rosalía de Castro.
- Realism: Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopoldo Alas “Clarín”.
Insular Lawsuit in the Canary Islands
What is the insular lawsuit?
The confrontation between the bourgeoisie of Tenerife and Gran Canaria for control of the capital of the region.
Provincial Division of the Canary Islands
When was the provincial division achieved?
During the rule of dictator Primo de Rivera.
Main Institutions of the Canary Islands
What were the main institutions of the Canary Islands?
The councils (cabildos), the bishopric, the Royal Court (Audiencia), and the Captaincy General.
Causes and Destinations of Canarian Emigration
Why did Canarian emigration occur, and where did they go?
Emigration occurred due to economic crises, famines, epidemics, and labor shortages. Canarians primarily migrated to Cuba and Venezuela.