Communication, Leadership, and Innovation in Organizations

Posted on Mar 23, 2025 in Other subjects

Schramm’s Model of Communication

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Key Elements of Schramm’s Model

  • Field of Experience: All steps are affected by accumulated experience. Communication is easier when there is overlap.
  • Noise: Interference, which can be physical, psychological, or semantic.
  • Feedback: Response from receiver to sender.

Key Takeaways

  • Communication is not a linear process but rather circular, emphasizing interaction and feedback.
  • Each communicator is not only an encoder and decoder but also an interpreter, highlighting the active role of both parties in understanding messages.
  • Effective communication requires understanding the shared field of experience between communicators for accurate encoding and decoding.
  • The model highlights the importance of context and the situational environment in which communication occurs.

Leadership

Situational Leadership

  • Understanding the situation and responding appropriately, based on followers’ readiness, focusing on tasks or relationships as needed.
  • Task-Oriented: Define roles, give definite instructions, and establish formal communication channels.
  • Relationship-Oriented: Concern for others, seek harmonious relations, and encourage equal participation.

Transactional Leadership

  • Uses rewards and punishments.
  • Clearly defined roles and expectations, with rewards tied to performance outcomes.
  • Engage followers by raising the level of consciousness about organizational goals and encourage creativity.

Transformational Leadership

  • Idealized Influence: Leaders are seen as role models.
  • Inspirational Motivation.
  • Intellectual Stimulation.
  • Individualized Consideration: Personalized coaching.
  • Inspire followers to exceed self-interest for the good of the organization.

Organizational Direction

Tools for determining organizational direction:

  • SWOT Analysis
  • PESTEL Analysis
  • Porter’s Five Forces

Tasks of Leaders

  1. Determine the right direction in different conditions (e.g., prioritize goals when different goals are in conflict).
  2. Communicate the direction clearly with followers.

Communication Direction

  • Direction-Giving Language: Bridges individual efforts and organizational goals.
    1. Communicating goals and expectations.
    2. Task execution (clarity, autonomy, resources).
    3. Reward allocation (feedback, rewards, priorities).
    Elements: Clarity, engagement in goal-setting (for greater commitment), constructive feedback, and reward systems.

Negotiation

Ideal Outcomes

  • Minimize transaction costs.
  • Maximize satisfaction.
  • Consider the long-term effect of relationships.
  • Reduce the risk of future conflict.

Negotiation Approaches

  • Interest-Based Negotiation: Focus on reconciling interests. Probe desires, find solutions that satisfy both sides, and make trade-offs/concessions if interests are incompatible.
  • Right-Based Negotiation: Focus on determining who is right. Rely on standards with perceived fairness, e.g., law, contract, equality, reciprocity, or precedent.
  • Power-Based Negotiation: Focus on determining who is more powerful. Use coercion and threats.

Persuasion

Persuasion is a tactic to resolve conflict. Focusing on underlying interests is useful to determine persuasion techniques.

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