Comprehensive Chemistry Notes

Posted on Dec 5, 2024 in Chemistry

Chapter 1: Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Introduction, Definition, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Periods, Groups, Periodic Law, Periodicity, Vacant Spaces, Advantages, Disadvantages

Long Form Periodic Table

Periodic Table Definition, Periods, Periodic Trends, Periodicity, Groups, Group Trends, Blocks

Chapter 2: Hydrides

Introduction, Definition, Physical Properties, Uses

Chapter 3: Sodium and Its Compounds

Sodium (Na)

Occurrence: NaCl

Preparation: Principal, Diagram, Construction, Conditions, Working, Reactions, Conclusion

Physical Properties: Silvery-white, soft, absorbs water

Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃)

Introduction

Raw Materials: Brine, NH₃, CO₂ + Reaction

Ammonia-Solvay Process: Ammoniation of brine, carbonation of ammoniated brine, filtration, conversion of NaHCO₃ to Na₂CO₃, diagram

Uses: Water glass, water softener (produces CaCO₃ + NaCl), soap, detergent, paper, baking soda (NaHCO₃)

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Introduction

Raw Materials: Brine

Construction: Titanium, amalgam denuder, diagram

Working, Reactions

Advantages: Pure

Disadvantages: Hg, electricity

Physical Properties: Deliquescent, slightly translucent, melts at 322°C, hygroscopic, soapy touch, strong base

Chemical Properties: Reacts with CO₂, SiO₂, HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄

Uses: Soap, bleaching and dyeing, mercerizing cotton, purification of bauxite, blocked drains

Bleaching Powder

Introduction, Preparation: Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ = CaOCl₂

Physical Properties: White amorphous, smells of Cl₂

Chemical Properties: Reacts with HCl, H₂O, CO₂ + H₂O = CaCO₃ + CaCl₂ + 2HOCl

Chapter 4: Aluminum and Carbon Allotropes

Aluminum (Al)

Introduction, Abundance: 7.3%

Occurrence: Corundum, diaspore, gibbsite, bauxite, cryolite

Extraction

Purification of Bauxite: Hall’s process (Na₂CO₃ removes Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂), Bayer’s process (NaOH removes Fe₂O₃), Serpek’s process (3C + N₂ removes SiO₂)

Electrolysis of Pure Alumina: Construction (carbon rods anode, carbon lining cathode), electrolyte (alumina, cryolite, fluorspar), diagram, working, reaction

HOOPE Electrolytic Method (99.99% Purity): Construction (three layers: upper pure Al cathode, middle cryolite and BaF₂, lower impure Cu-Si with Al anode), diagram, working, reaction

Physical Properties: Silvery-bluish, density 2.7 g/cm³, melting point 658°C, boiling point 1800°C, malleable, ductile, does not corrode easily

Chemical Properties: Reacts with O₂, Cl₂, C (at 2000°C)

Uses: Domestic utensils, wires, Al powder + AgNO₃ = ammonal, Al bronze (10% Al, 90% Cu), duralumin (95% Al, 4% Cu)

Carbon Allotropes

Structure: C atoms, hybridization, nature of bond, bond energy, bond length, diagram

Physical Properties: Color, density, refractive index, conductivity, state, hardness, melting point, stability, X-rays

Uses: Diamond (jewelry, cutting tools, drilling); Graphite (moderator, pencil lead, lubricant)

More Chapters and Content

Nitric Acid, Sulfur Allotropes, Hydrogen Sulfide, Sulfuric Acid, Chlorine, D-Block Elements, Copper, Silver Nitrate, Copper Sulfate, Photography, Homologous Series, Isomerism, Functional Groups, Methane, Ethane, Ethene, Ethyne, Benzene, Orientation, Chemical Tests, Aromaticity, Preparation of Alkyl Halides, S_N Reactions, Elimination Reactions, Grignard Reagents, Methanol, Ethanol, Phenol, Diethyl Ether, Formaldehyde, Acetone, Acetic Acid, Ethyl Acetate, Carbohydrates, Glucose, Fructose, Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, Amino Acids, Proteins, Vitamins

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