Comprehensive English Grammar and Vocabulary

Posted on Feb 18, 2025 in English

Verb Tenses

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	play (yo juego)	played (yo jugué)	will play (voy a jugar)
Continuous	am playing (yo estoy jugando)	was playing (yo estaba jugando)	will be playing (yo voy a estar jugando)
Perfect	have played (yo he jugado)	had played (yo había jugado)	will have played (yo habré jugado)
Perfect Continuous	have been playing (yo he estado jugando)	had been playing (yo había estado jugando)	will have been playing (yo habré estado jugando)

Order of elements in a sentence: Subject + Adverb + Verb + Object + Manner + Place + Time

Conditionals

If + simple present – future: Possible and probable actions.
If + simple past – would: Not very probable or possible actions.
If + past perfect – would have + past participle: Impossible actions.

Connectors

Above all: sobre todo
Such as: tal como
However: sin embargo
Then: luego
Whereas: Mientras que
Even so: aún así
Instead: en lugar de
Therefore: por lo tanto
From my point of view: desde mi punto de vista
Furthermore: es más
Because of this: debido a esto
Firstly: primeramente

Since (ya que): Used to indicate when something began.

For (para): Used to indicate how long something has been happening.

Still (todavía): Used to indicate that something continues and has not stopped. Example: I still think…

Yet (todavía): Used to talk about something that is expected, but has not happened. Example: …hasn’t arrived yet.

Already (ya): Used to indicate that something has happened sooner than expected. Similar to still or yet.

Allow (permitir) + Direct Object (-ing) / Allow + Indirect Object + to + infinitive

Be supposed to… (se supone que…): Example: We are supposed to go to the cinema.

Despite (a pesar de) + -ing + past/noun + past

Despite the fact that (a pesar de que) + past/past continuous + past.

In spite of (a pesar de) + -ing + past/noun + past.

Although (a pesar de que) + past/past continuous + past.

It’s time + to + infinitive: ya es hora de…

It’s about time + past: ya va siendo hora de que…

Common Verb Pairs

Beat/Earn/Win: ganar a alguien / ganar algo a cambio de trabajo / ganar
Believe/Think: creer / pensar
Give/Have/Take: dar / tener / tomar o agarrar
Know/Meet: conocer a alguien durante un tiempo / encontrarse a alguien por primera vez
Look/See/Watch: mirar algo / ver algo / mirar algo con atención

Order of Adjectives: Number, Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material + Noun.

Principles of Training

Characteristics of a Coach:

Motivator
Respects the learner’s rhythm
Flexible
Competent
Knowledgeable about the science behind the activity
Advisor
Professional behavior
Sets an example
Great communication skills
Provides feedback
Animator
Passionate
Leader
Responsible
Empathic
Optimistic
Positive
Realistic

Training Principles:

Specificity: Training must be relevant to the individual and their sport.
Progressive Overload: FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) must be increased over the training period.
Reversibility: Systems reverse or de-adapt if training stops or is significantly reduced.
Tedium: Variety in training is needed to prevent boredom.
Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT):
- Frequency is increased by training more times a week.
- Intensity is increased by lifting a greater resistance.
- Time can be manipulated during training.
- Type of training is manipulated by offering a variety of training types.

Instructions

Bend down: inclinarse
Keep: guardar
Grab hold of: agarrarse a
Touch: tocar
Lean forward: inclinarse adelante
Stamp: sello
Raise: aumentar
Get down on: ponte de rodillas
Stretch: estirarse
Lie on: acostarse de espaldas
Leap: saltar
Reach back: llegar de nuevo
Stroll: paseo
Rush: abalanzarse
Tiptoe: punta del pie
Drag: arrastrar
Lean against: apoyarse en
Reach up: alcanzar arriba
Move away: alejarse
Creep: arrastrarse
Wander: deambular

Verbs Followed by -ING

Verb + V-ing: admit, anticipate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, can’t help, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, postpone, resist, risk, can’t stand
Expressions + v-ing: What about?, How about?, be fond of, be keen on, be interested in, be mad about.
Preposition + v-ing: apologize for, approve of, be used to, decide against, feel like, insist on, look forward to, succeed in, think about/of, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on/for, prevent sb from, suspect sb of, thank sb for.
Phrasal verbs + v-ing: call out, give up, leave off, pass away.

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Simple: to play (para jugar)
Continuous: to be playing (estar jugando)
Perfect: to have played (haber jugado)
Verb + to + infinitive: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, care, dare, decide, expect, fail, forget, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need, neglect, offer, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, prove, seem, refuse, swear, threaten, tend.
Verb + Object + to + infinitive: advise, allow, ask, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, help, invite, order, permit, remind, tell, teach, warn, want, would like, would prefer.
Adjective/Adverb + to + infinitive: too + adj/adv + to + inf / adj/adv + enough + to inf / so + adj + as + to + inf / adj + to + inf / it + be + adj + to + inf

Remember, Forget, Stop, Try, Regret

Remember + v-ing: Recordar haber hecho algo.
Remember + to infinitive: Acordarse de hacer algo.
Forget + v-ing: Olvidarse de haber hecho algo (tener el recuerdo de no haberlo hecho).
Forget + to infinitive: Olvidarse de hacer algo.
Stop + v-ing: Dejar de hacer una acción.
Stop + to infinitive: Dejar de hacer una acción para hacer otra.
Try + v-ing: Experimentar algo.
Try + to infinitive: Intentar hacer algo.
Regret + v-ing: Arrepentirse.
Regret + to infinitive: Lamentar hacer algo.

Used to / Be Used to / Get Used to

Used to + infinitive: Solía hacer algo, ya no lo hago.
Be used to + v-ing: Estoy acostumbrado a algo.
Get used to + v-ing: Me adapté a algo.

Suggest / Recommend

Subject + suggest + wh-word + to + infinitive: Example: Paul suggested where to go.
Subject + suggest + Noun: Example: Paul suggested strawberry.
Subject + suggest + v-ing: Example: Paul suggested (me) going to the cinema – (me) is included.
Subject + suggest + (that) + Subject + (should) + infinitive: Example: Paul suggested that she should go to the doctor.

Correcting Common “Spanglish” Phrases

As you want – Up to you – como quieras
Every day more – More and more – cada vez más
For me, it’s the same – I don’t mind – no me importa
For the moment – So far – por ahora
I explain you – Let me explain – te explico
I prefer don’t go – I’d rather not go – preferiría no ir
In the actuality – Currently – ahora
In this moment – Right now – ahora mismo
It’s his election – Up to him – él decide
It was a casualty – It was a coincidence – fue una casualidad
Stay in form – Keep fit – mantenerse en forma
Two millions – Two million – 2 millones
All is okay – Everything’s fine – todo está bien
Arrive to home – Get home – llegar a casa
As always – As usual – como siempre
At the end – In the end – finalmente
I like a lot that – I love it – me encanta
The problem is other – That’s not the real problem – ese no es el problema
Repeat please – Can you say that again? – ¿puedes repetirlo?
Second plate – Main course – plato principal
Touristic – Touristy – turístico
Two hours and a half – Two and a half hours – 2 horas y media
I have the reason – I’m right – tengo razón
We spent a good time – We had a great time – lo pasamos bien

Parts of the Body

Head: cabeza
Waist: cintura
Bottom: nalga
Leg: pierna
Hip: cadera
Foot-feet: pies
Ankle: tobillo
Palm: palma
Blood: sangre
Skin: piel
Kidney: riñón
Spine: columna
Neck: cuello
Calf: gemelo
Elbow: codo
Shoulder: hombro
Chest: pecho
Armpit: axila
Thumb: pulgar
Knee: rodilla
Big toe: dedo gordo
Joints: articulaciones
Lungs: pulmones
Skull: cráneo
Back: espalda
Wrist: muñeca
Forearm: antebrazo
Arm: brazo
Breast: seno
Nail: uña
Ribs: costillas
Stomach: estómago
Thigh: muslo
Toes: dedos del pie
Pelvis: pelvis
Liver: hígado

Hospital Vocabulary

X-ray: rayos X
Scar: cicatriz
Treatment: tratamiento
Operating theatre: quirófano
Fight: pelear
Rush: prisa
Crutches: muletas
Outpatients department: departamento de pacientes ambulatorios
Stitches: puntos
Anaesthetic: anestésico
Plaster: yeso
Casualty: víctima
Intensive care: unidad de cuidados intensivos
Treat: tratar
Stick: palo
Injure: herir
Heal: sanar
Bandage: vendaje
Ward: sala
Sling: cabestrillo
Children’s ward: sala de niños
Wheelchair: silla de ruedas

Sports Vocabulary

Equipment: net, racket, ball, bat, helmet

People: umpire, referee, players

Sportswear: shorts, trunks, boots, T-shirt, shin pads

Place: court, pitch, pool, ice rink, stadium

More Sports Vocabulary

Bat: bate
Pitch: terreno de juego
Course: campo
Hit it: golpear
Throw it: tirar
Catch it: atrapar
Head it: cabecear
Kick it: patear
Pass it: pasar
Away: lejos
Foul: falta
Stick: palo
Post: poste
Net: red
Crossbar: larguero
Touch-line: línea de banda
Stoppage time: tiempo de descuento
Halfway line: línea de medio campo
Penalty spot: punto de penalti
Weightlifting: levantamiento de pesas
Six-yard box: área pequeña
Commit: cometer
Kick off: saque inicial
Block: bloquear
Disallow: anular
Award: conceder
Book: amonestar
Skiing: esquí
Blow: soplar
Racing: carreras
Show jumping: salto ecuestre
Save: parar
Racing driver: piloto de carreras
Jockey: jinete
Sailing: navegación
Rowing: remo
Hurdles: vallas
Skydiving: paracaidismo
Javelin: jabalina
Discus: disco
Shot-put: lanzamiento de peso
Bell: campana
Knock-out: noquear
Heavyweight: peso pesado
On points: a los puntos
Score: marcar/puntuación
Fifteen-love: 15-0
Fifteen-all: 15-15
Deuce: 40-40
Drew: empataron
Afraid: temer
Guts: agallas
Stamina: resistencia
Miles away: a kilómetros de distancia
Middle of nowhere: en medio de la nada
Very far away: muy lejos
Across the road: al otro lado de la calle
Trophy: trofeo
On: sobre
Wrestling: lucha libre
Into: dentro
From: de
By: por/en
Nearby: cercano
Near: cerca
Referee: árbitro
Midfielder: centrocampista
Far: lejos
Over: sobre
Dribble: regatear
Fishing rod: caña de pescar
Swimming cap: gorro de natación
Helmet: casco
Kneepads: rodilleras
Golf course: campo de golf
Running track: pista de atletismo
Diving fins: aletas de buceo
Baseball glove: guante de béisbol
Goggles: gafas de esquí
Weight: pesa
Surfboard: tabla de surf
Paddle: remo
Rollerblades: patines en línea
Soccer pitch: campo de fútbol
Court: cancha
Wide player: extremo
Swimsuit: traje de baño
Raft and oars: balsa y remos

Writing

Motivational Speech: Call to attention, reality, emotional part, instructions, emotional part.

Report: Introduction, Heading-Idea 1…, Conclusion.

Acquisition of Skill

Stages of Skill Acquisition:

Cognitive: The cognitive stage is characterized by thinking to understand the skill. The learner forms a cognitive picture of the skill and what is required. Movements are jerky, halting, and poorly timed. Feedback is crucial, provided visually and verbally.
Associative: In this stage, the fundamentals and mechanics have been learned. Performance is less variable and more consistent, with fewer and less significant errors. The athlete can detect and correct errors.
Autonomous: Improvements are slow, but performance is consistent. Most of the skill is performed without thinking, requiring less attention to basics.

Characteristics of the Learner: Inherited factors affecting skill acquisition include gender, age, race, somatotype, muscle-fiber composition, information-processing capacity, and aptitude for the activity.

Feedback: Feedback is correcting a student when they make a badly executed movement.

Internal: Information received naturally from the senses as a result of movement.
External: Information provided outside of the performer’s natural sensory awareness. This could be the coach’s voice.
Concurrent feedback: Feedback received during the performance.