Comprehensive Geography Glossary: Terms and Definitions
1.CÁRCAVA: sn d forms on material erosion
loamy-clay sedimentary n half semiarid; hese have
fuertemnte been intense action dissected x dl water, giving
place at 1 d ravines fuertemnte dense network embedded and
x agudas.2 separate peaks. COUNTRYSIDE: are lowlands which alternate layers of clay,
sandstone and other sedimentary rocks, which are characterized by their
soft modeling, with alternating hills and valleys and for being
formed by various levels of river terraces that stepped
agrícola.3 support intensive exploitation. CERRO WITNESS: is an elevation representing stratified
residue of a horizontal platform dismantled by erosion and
that is isolated against a tabular relief or slope,
that was part and which has been separated by the erosión.4. Cirque: Depression or bucket of glacial erosion in semicircular shape, bounded by rocky escarpments and steep slope
located below the level of cumbres.5. LEVEL CURVE or ISOHIPSA: The contours are the lines
unite on the topographic maps the points that have equal height,
above or below the reference level, usually sea level.
The thicker curves are called master curves, they
often carry the cifras6 value. DELTA: accumulation tank shaped alluvial fan,
located at the mouth of a river. It arises because the load
material in suspension that carries the river exceeds the capacity of
mar.7 erosion. DUNA: Mound or lifting up of a pile of sand
accumulated by the wind in coastal environments or áridos.8. EROSION: The process of modeling the earth’s surface caused
by weathering, chemical, mechanical and anthropic glaciers,
wind, temperature and water in its different states, etc.. Includes
material.9 transport. FAILURE: Breakage or fracture of rock strata due to forces
orogenic understanding. It can be seen in terms of her
fails, the fault break and lips sunken elevado.10. Graben: It is also called graben. Is a depression
formed by the collapse of rock strata included
between two or more faults paralelas.11. GELIFRACCIÓN / GELIVACIÓN: A term that describes geomorphological
mechanical weathering of rocks by freezing water. It
produces the expansion, fracturing and disintegration of the same. His
effectiveness depends on the size of the pores and abrupt changes
temperature. Leads to the formation of “scree”. It occurs in
húmedos.12 cold climates. GEOSYNCLINE: Groove or depression of the crust where
accumulate large amounts of sediment, which are then
uplifted and folded. The geosynclines often part of
large marine sedimentary basins, as they
accumulating sediments have hundimiento.13 processes. GLACIS: Ramp with gentle slope. Piedemonteque typical form is rooted in a mountain slope and connects with the bottom of a
valley or depression. Is the result of a process of erosion and / or
accumulation of materials in general, poorly redondeados.14. HORST: Pilar tectonic. Block bounded by faults that have been raised by the collapse of the surrounding terrain by a system of
failures or by their own levantamiento.15. HOZ / FOZ / CANNON / THROAT: Cut deep or transverse valley
made by a narrow river, predominantly in areas of limestone.
16. IBONE: Lakes of glacial origin. At the time of the glaciers, these
excavated small buckets to melt the ice then,
became small and deep lakes. There are over a thousand
centrales.17 in the Pyrenees. Marshes: low, swampy area flooded by the sea or
by the mouth of a river. Spaces are morphologically
volatile with peculiar habitat and filling process. Eg The
Guadalquivir.18 marshes. MEANDER: Name derived from a river in Asia Minor. Curve
describes the channel of a river away from its regular route
then return to him. The stream bank is eroding the steep and
suave.19 another. Karstic: Forms that are derived from the action of
on water soluble rocks such as limestone. Some forms appear
Surface: Limestone pavement, and poljes sinkhole. Others are underground galleries,
chasms, stalactites, stalagmites 20. MORRENAS: Accumulation of material from
loosening, weathering or of the glacial erosion, which are
transported and deposited on the sides, in the middle and the bottom of a
glaciar.21 language. Orogenic movements: A process that transforms the cortex
land, with forces and pressures, causing the appearance of
mountains. In turn, accompanied by movement and impaired
magma and vulcanismo.22. Paramo: Heading mainly Castilian Platform
tabular table or wheel, consisting of a limited horizontal surfaces
by escarpes.23. Peneplain: Plain nearly uniform in which occasionally
are some residual relief, and this term is reserved
flattening the surfaces generated by a cycle of erosion.
24. RAMBLA: natural course of rainwater when it falls with
extraordinary abundance, or very wide channel through which most
of the year, or sometimes for years, not running water and that after
leads to heavy rain a torrent of short duration.
25. RELIEF IN COST: Relief asymmetrical formed by a front or
escarpment and a reverse or back of gentle slope, is located in
the edges of river basins and is the result of erosion
differential of a monocline with sedimentary structure
resistant layering and soft layers weakly
inclinadas.26. JURASSIC STYLE is characterized by an alternation of folds
anticlines convex, and concave or synclines, regular and smooth
plastic materials formed by the secondary and tertiary
as Vascos.26 Mountains. The Germanic style consists of a block system
raised (horst) and sunken (graben) resulting from the fracture of
Paleozoic old rigid materials during the Tertiary orogeny,
as the Central System. (See terms and fault horst).
26. THE Saxon style combines both processes, fractures and
creases, following the deposition of alternating
sedimentary material on the Paleozoic massifs, so
that the socket is fractured Paleozoic sedimentary and dressing are
folds, adapting to the underlying structure. Is characteristic of
Sistema Ibérico. 27. RELIEVE TABULAR: the horizontal relief exhumed by the network
river, located in the center of a sedimentary basin
Alpine Orogeny post, so it has not undergone any
orogenic deformation formed by alternating layers that
offer different resistance to erosion, and are crowned by a
increased hardness. When dissected fluvial erosion processes
these structural platforms, residual forms originate far
the remaining materials semejante28. RIA: submerged river valley, resulting from raising the level of
sea (Eustathius) or the collapse of the mass continental.29. VALLEY GLACIER: U-shaped valley or trough. Are carved
on the rocky slopes of the glacier tongues in descenso.30. VOLCANO / FIRE / CRATER / CONE: relief with x accumulation of lava around a pipe d broadcasting, through which connects the magma to the surface
land. The external volcanic apparatus is constituted by a cone,
caused by accumulating lava mountains around the mouth of the volcano
or cráter.31. BASE: A set of materials which are metamorphic and igneous
The basement of the dressing. This is old material, which
subjected to tectonic thrusts, behave rigidly
fracture. 32. Temperature oscillation amplitude and a difference between the temperature
Maximum and minimum period of time, day, month, year.
Generally speaking of annual temperature range (difference between the
cold hottest month of the year), and diurnal amplitude (difference
between the maximum and minimum temperature of day).
33. Anticyclone / HIGH PRESSURE: compression action center
upper atmospheric 1013 millibars, which is the average pressure level
the mar.34. ARIDITY synonym for dryness, defined as lack of water,
result of the relationship of rainfall, temperature and vegetation.
35. WINDWARD: slope of a relief or region-oriented
wind direction. Usually the windward slope is more
moist heat and wider, because the air is compelled to
up, in doing so cools and precipitation occurs.
36. CIERZO: local name of the Ebro Valley of Wind
Northwest nature cold and dry and gusty. Is channeled through the valley
velocidad.37 reaching great. CLIMATE: A set of meteorological phenomena that characterize the
state of the atmosphere of a land surface area for a
extended period of time.38. CONTINENTAL: is the property that have the masses
Continental win or lose temperature faster than
sea and which is greater the greater the land area.
this quality affects the climate by making it more extreme.
39. Jet Stream / JET STREAM: powerful air currents
driven on the limit of the troposphere. This flow of winds circulating
from west to east, at an altitude of approximately 9000 meters, with
speeds between 150 and 600 km. / H. Is located about
40 of latitude, but varies along latitudinal stations
the year, making the front surface reflection Polar.40. DEPRESSION / CYCLONE / stormy center of action with a
atmospheric pressure less than 1013 millibars, which is the pressure
mar.41 average level. EFFECT FÖHEN: effect caused by the collision of air masses
wet with a mountain range, which ascends the side of
windward, cooled, condensing and producing rain,
resulting in the leeward side of a very dry winds and
temperatures are rising as these descend.
42. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: loss of surface moisture
Land evaporaci6n and transpiration of living in
dwell here, especially the vegetales.43. Inversion conditions: meteorological phenomenon
is that the air temperature of the earth’s surface is
lower than the upper layers of the atmosphere, which are
relatively more temperate. The temperature then increases with
height instead of decrease, as often occurs in the troposphere. It
good at night radiation under clear skies in a position
anticyclonic winter, or by warm air advection on a
cold air mass. Investment stability and blocks causes the whole
descent so they can increase pollution levels.
44. POLAR FRONT: flat interface between two air masses
different characteristics: warm and cold / dry and humid … In this case
related to contact between the mass of cold polar air and warm tropical.
The greater the contrast the more powerful the front. Separate, so
Meanwhile, warm anticyclones polar low pressure. Located
in the midlatitudes and near the Jet Stream and undergoes a displacement
latitudinal.45. DROP COLD: it is a cold air mass, which slides the polar front
and descends at high speed toward warmer climes. The contract
temperature gives rise to significant convective processes
give rise to abundant rainfall, sometimes catastrophic, both
more the greater the difference in temperature between the two bodies
air. Still common in the Mediterranean in late summer and
otoño.46 early. STROKE: time during which the sun shines. Number of
direct solar radiation incident per unit area, expressed
as the number of hours that the sun’s rays reach the
suelo.47 level. ISOBAR: imaginary line on a weather map connecting points
equal pressure measured at sea level. Together constitute the
pressure changes (anticiclón. ..).
48. ISOTERMA: imaginary line joining points on maps of
temperature as well as average or at any particular time.
49. Isohyet: imaginary line on a map joining points of equal
precipitación.50. RAIN CONVECTION: precipitation due to movements
convection in the atmosphere. Are due to local overheating
air masses causing its elevation carrying steam
containing water at ground level. As they rise, are
expand and cool, to reach a certain height, the vapor condenses
water and lead to cloud type “cluster” that would trigger the
precipitaciones.51. AIR MASS: a nearly homogeneous atmospheric portion of great
lateral extension (usually hundreds or thousands of kilometers), with
a marked horizontal uniformity of moisture, temperature and
pressure, acquired by prolonged contact with their place or region
origen.52. FOG: suspension in the atmosphere of tiny water droplets
limiting horizontal visibility to less than 1 kilometer.
53. PRECIPITATION liquid or solid: deposition of water in the form
solid or liquid on Earth’s surface from the
meteorológicos.54 phenomena. Barometer: air weight per unit area.
55. SOLANA: in temperate zones is the slope of hill or mountain
facing south in the northern hemisphere and vice versa in the Southern
characterized by high insolation and the resulting concentration
heat .56. LEEWARD (or lee) side of a slope or relief, protected from
prevailing wind generally drier and wider
thermal barlovento.57 the slope. Weather: the state of the atmosphere at a
time and in a certain place. Is defined by the
values of various weather elements: temperature,
precipitation, wind, sunlight, etc.58. UMBRIA slope of a hill or mountain slopes exposed to
North, where almost always shade. 59. GROUNDWATER: Water coming to subsurface infiltration
superficiales.60 waters. Flurry: deposit of loose material-gravel, sand, etc .-
formed by the water to overflow. When soil material consisting of
flood aluvial.61 soil is called. CAUCE: bed of a river and canal to bring water for the
tierras.62. FLOW: The amount of water from a river that flows through a given point
its course. The absolute flow is expressed in cubic meters per
second and is affected by climatic and environmental conditions
that is the watershed. The relative flow is found by dividing the previous
in liters per second, the catchment area in km 2 .63. FLOOD: It is an abnormal increase in river flow. For some authors would be more appropriate to speak of máximos.64. WATERSHED: geographical space or area in which the
runoff waters converge into a main sewer, a
river, lake or mar.65. Endorheic: geographical areas whose river basins not
Outdoor landlocked emptying into an inland sea or lake.
66. RUNOFF: The process of surface drainage down a slope,
that feeds on rainfall, snowmelt or springs.
67. STATION CAPACITY: instead of measuring flow of a stream
of agua.68. DROUGHT: lowering of the river, which may eventually disappear.
For some authors would be more appropriate to speak of minimums.
69. Exoreic: geographical areas whose catchment areas have
exterior.70 a sea outlet. LAKE: mass of fresh or salt water, accumulated in more areas
depressed Earth’s crust, formed by water stable and
some depth, and no communication with the open sea or ocean.
71. LAGUNA: like the lake but to a lesser extent, lake
pequeño.72. FLOOD PLAIN: bottom of a valley
over which a river overflows in a time of flood
alluvial deposit. The floodplain is an area of
very gentle slope that wanders by the river and in which
there may be wetlands, backwaters, (meanders
abandoned) and stagnant water
73. National Hydrological Plan: the set of rules and
measures regulating the activities relating to institutional
water management. Was submitted to Cabinet in 1993 but
not yet approved a final version of 74. RIVER SYSTEM: A term that includes fluctuations
volume of a seasonal river and its tributaries in terms of their
power supplies. May be regular and irregular. The scheme
hardly any regular annual variations, rivers subvertiente
Cantabrian. In the regime with irregular seasonal variations exist
flood (peak flow) and low water (minimum flow), rivers
mediterráneos.75. SCHEME Nival, NIVO-RAIN, rainfall-nival, RAIN: refer
the diet of a river. They indicate the provenance of the
Most of caudal.75. Nival Regime: they receive their major inputs of water
during the thaw, from May to June. It is located in the headwaters of
mountain rivers: Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada.75. NIVO-RAIN SYSTEM-nival and rainfall: a mixed system with
major contribution in the first case of snowmelt, and the second
lluvia.75’s water. Rainfall regime: the regime prevailing in the peninsula
their contributions come from the rains. His flows are in
function of monthly mean precipitation. The ocean storm
has its largest flow in autumn-winter and is quite regular during
the rest of the year. The Mediterranean storm has a very low water in summer
accentuated and maxima in the equinoxes and the subtropical rain
that the period of drought is very largo.76. RIVER TERRACE: accumulation of boulders, sand and silt
on the banks of a river. They correspond to old beds
abandoned river and put in highlight on the current channel
differential erosion. They are due to changes in climate
during cuaternario.77. Hydrographic slope: limited geographical area
mountain ranges which pours its waters into a sea itself. Slope
Atlantic and Mediterranean side. 78. BIOGEOGRAPHY: is a branch of geography that describes and explains
the distribution of the living world from climate data, the
soils and vegetation. Is a science of synthesis and, therefore, deals
relationships of living beings with the environment.
79. FOREST VEGETATION SCLEROPHYLLOUS O: is the one formed by
those species of shrubs and evergreens that have
adapted to long droughts, seasonal produce hard leaves that
prevent loss of moisture transpiración.80. Deciduous: a term that refers to the ability of some
plants lose their leaves annually. In temperate zones the
leaf drop occurs during the fall or winter oak
hayas.81. ECOSYSTEM: A set of an organic community of plants and
animals and the physical-chemical environment in which they live and act
another: soil, vegetation, climate, fauna.82. EDAPHOLOGY: is the science of soil, analyzing its
profile, composition and distribution, and somehow the way
used (agriculture) .83. ENDEMISM: the restriction of a particular plant species to
a particular area (habitat) due to factors such as climate, soil
or aislamiento.84. STEPPE: training plant drought tolerant plants consisting of
characterized by small size and discontinuity of the tapestry
plant. Is proper to temperate latitudes. In Spain
located mainly in the drier and degraded
Mediterranean climate, and is formed by thorny shrubs, palms,
thyme, esparto.85. GARRIGA: evergreen shrub grown xeric and soon to be
found on limestone soils in the driest areas of climate
Mediterranean. Consists of Kermes, wild carob,
mastic, wild olive, rosemary and tomillo.86. Humus: organic matter from the decomposition of
living creatures, both animal and vegetales.87. MAQUI / MAQUIS: the bush is a shrubbery, dense,
dense, almost impenetrable, sometimes reaching more than two
feet high and comes from the degradation of forest soils
siliceous and waterproof. It is
a dense undergrowth, as a result of forest degradation
mediterráneo.88. Evergreen: a term that refers to the ability of some
plants to remain always with leaves, so that when
one rises the other falls hoja.Ejemplo are evergreen
oaks (Quercus illex), cork and pinos.89. PROFILE OF A GROUND: the practice resulting from a cut
vertical soil comprised several horizontes.90. Podzols: soil type, which is located in cold areas on
siliceous rocks, and under the large coniferous forests, is gray,
very wash superiores.91 layers. Undergrowth: term used in referring to the Vegetation
that grows under the trees of a forest, whether woody or herbácea.92. Ground is the mineral and organic andthe situated between the bedrock surface. Prepared by numerous microorganisms
mixed vegetable and mineral elements, liquid and gaseous elements elements .93. TERRA ROSSA: red soil rich in iron oxide, typical Mediterranean climate. It is taken for the alteration of the limestones and dolomites enclimas hot and dry. It is a ground fértil.94. CLIMAX VEGETATION: optimal state of balance, relatively stable between vegetation and environment elsuelo and naturalcorrespondiente, without human intervention. Final stage of the forest totaladaptación Sumedi ambiente.95. Xerophile / xerophile plants: plants that support and seacomodan limited means to live in dehumedad.
POPULATION
96. BABY BOOM (population explosion): this is called
way to strong population growth, according to a rise
spectacular birth. The baby boom has occurred in Spain
in the decade of the sesenta.97. CENSUS: This is a source population consisting of a depoblación count at a given time, which collects, summarizes, analyzes data ypublica demographic, cultural, economic and social
of a country. In Spain is done every ten años.98. Zero population growth: demographic situation in the
that population size does not change from year to year-stationary population, due to equality between the rates of
Birth and mortalidad.99. DEMOGRAPHICS: science whose object is the study, description, analysis and composition of the population according to different characters and different phenomena queinfluyen on this composición.100. DEPOBLACIÓN DENSITY: ratio of the total population of Ranges and its surface (d = P / S), usually expressed as habitantesporkm 2 (h / km 2) .101. AGING is the increasing proportion of older DE65 years enunapoblación.Paramedirlo used deviejos percentage relative to total population, a value around 15% indicates
a clear aging or old relationship / population under 15años.102. LIFE EXPECTANCY: añosque is the average person can esperarvivir either at birth or a certain age .. 103. RURAL EXODUS: depersonas migration from countryside to city, lacual represents a change of residence and usually also uncambio of activity.
HABITAT 104.1 CONCENTRATE: type of distribution espacioshabitados a place where houses are contiguasunas to compactas.104.2 structures scattered habitat otraformando: type of distribution of espacioshabitadosde a place where the houses are distributed formaindividual, or in small otres twos and without formareconocible.105. IMMIGRATION: movement of people to a territoriodeterminado from outside thecollector. Immigration internally if puedeser migrants from the same country, or abroad sivienen abroad.
105. MIGRATION: Movement of people from a territory dadohacia outside. The international migration can be outside if the migrant move countries, or inside if not out of his país.106. Swings: that makes a person travel between their residence and workplace. Sufrecuencia is exceptionally daily or weekly. It is one of the usual migration patterns. The most common case, this
migration is performed from the periphery of cities to the central areas (centripetal motion), but may also occur in the opposite (centrifugal) .107. Municipal: it is a source that collects demographic and neighbors loshabitantes right of a municipality with expression of some of its features. Their data provide evidence plenade residence and collect demographic, economic and social. Is conducted every 5 years and in Spain, since 1981, in añosacabados in 1 and 6108. AGE PYRAMID: graphic representation that reflects the
distribution of a group of individuals or population structure, Poreda and sex at a time determinado.109. FORCE: A set of people who provide work manode available for production of goods and services among the population aged 16 and more years until retirement age. Includes persons of both sexes who have a job (working population) and those looking for work (labor force unemployed), or because unemployment had this habiéndolo or xk is seeking his first empleo110. POPULATION OF LAW means the persons enumerated in
municipio.111 one. POPULATION FACT: all persons in a municipality in a given time.
112. INACTIVE POPULATION: A set of people 16 and over who have not paid work. Includes retirees, pensioners, investors, students, persons engaged in work from home, disabled … 113. RURAL POPULATION: A set of people living in rural Ozonas field, to play or not an agricultural activity statistically
in Spain the census defines as rural population living in towns of less than 2,000 inhabitants and those living in semi núcleosque are between 2,000 and 10,000 habitantes.114. Urban Population:
All persons living in
cities, mainly devoted to the secondary sector and terciario.115. CIVIL REGISTRY: source population that continuously collects the most significant demographic events (births, deaths and marriages), usually immediately after sucedan.116. Net migration: The difference between the number of migrants and deinmigrantes in a particular location. Is positive if greater than the number of immigrants, and negative otherwise.
117. Primary sector includes those employed in economic activities directly related to
exploitation of natural resources, namely agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forestry (also called forestry) .117. SECONDARY SECTOR: the sector of the economy that brings together the people connected with the activities that transform raw materials or products not manufactured in products. Within this sector are usually included industries, mining and construcción.117. TERTIARY SECTOR: the sector of the economy of a country’s population grouping related activities known as services, which do not produce tangible goods directly, but
managing the distribution of goods from other sectors, talescomo trade, transport, etc.118. Overpopulation: overpopulation in an area about their resources or other economic or social objectives broader. 119. NATURAL RATE DECREASE: results from the difference between births and deaths in a year relative to the total population for that year. It is expressed in per thousand or per cent. 120. REAL GROWTH RATE: the balance between natural vegetative growth or in absolute and net migration.
121. FERTILITY RATE: An index relates the number of births per thousand women of childbearing age (between 15 and 49 years) over a period of time (usually one year) and a dado.122 territory. RATES (GROSS) OF MORTALITY: The number of deaths per thousand inhabitants in a year dado.123 territory. INFANT MORTALITY RATE: index calculated in per thousand that relates the number of children dying under one year and the number of live births in that year. In one place 124. RATE (CRUDE) BIRTH: ratio in per mil between the number d born in a period of time and the average of the existing population in this period in a concreto.125. UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: index calculated in percentages expressing the number of people of working age (entre16 and 65 years) than in
or given a time period without job. 126. METROPOLITAN AREA: urban space is composed of a central city and a series of adjoining communities, with geographic contiguity between them, with a transport system and
communications that come into contact with the central city area of influence, and hold between them a flow of trabajadores.127 d mov.Pendulares. OLD TOWN: urban space developed since the origin of the city until the onset of the industrial city in the nineteenth century. They provide a series of common characteristics 128. BUSINESS CENTER (CBD): the part of the city that are localized and concentrated urban functions than highly specialized, mainly the directives of the financial and corporate sectors, but also the decision of public services and
private. They are usually urban areas with the highest levels of accessibility, and have a gradual loss of resident population, but also on the impact of land price is higher. In large cities usually have several CBD.129 millions. BEDROOM CITY: housing estates built in the metropolitan suburbs to meet the urgent housing demands caused by rapid rural exodus .. The city is monofunctional bedroom residential, small to exist proximity services and equipment. 130. GARDEN CITY: project planning and implementation based on the integration of town and country, which emerged in the late nineteenth century. The author is Howard who in 1898 wrote “Garden Cities of Tomorrow” where he designed a model of bourgeois city and suburban neighborhoods of detached houses with gardens. In Spain it spread this model to the early twentieth century. 131. Conurbation: union or coalescence of two or more towns that form a continuous agglomeration in the morphological, following the progress of urbanization along the lines of communication. As there is some functional autonomy and specialization in each. 132. SHACKS: suburban residential occupancy model of spontaneous, improvised nature, consisting of a slum typology without the most minimal basic infrastructure 133. ENSANCHE: project planning and implementation that arises in the middle of the nineteenth century, especially thanks to the contribution of the Ildefonso
Cerdá, as a management tool deuses strong growth of urban land requiring the industrial city. This new conception of urban space is articulated in an octagonal, with chamfered rectangular blocks, thus allowing the rational construction of numerous homes, well connected to the center, with wide green spaces and well equipped with basic urban services, were occupied by burguesía.134. Isochronous URBAN: lines that connect points of the city or its surroundings, from which it takes the same time urban alcentro access 135. URBAN ISOPRECIOS: lines that connect the different points of laciudad or environment, from which costs the same amount of money on travel to the city center, where there is no fee and multipurpose transporte.136 dl. Urban hierarchy: ranking of cities according to their order of importance. This hierarchy can be measured in terms of demographics, economic, trade, or directional polifuncionales.137. Periurbana: peripheral area of the city subject to the advance of the front of urbanization and raised in the rural fringe circundante.Morfológicamente defined by the existence of single-family residential developments of types (free or attached) cntros large commercial and service outlets in highways, new industrial parks, technological poles architecture
avant-etc.138. General Urban Plan (General Plan): integrated management tool municipality. Classify the soil to establish detailed land use, defines the key elements of the overall structure of the territory and determines urbano.139 development programs. LINEAR PLANE: corresponds to the city structured along a main line of communications. On both sides of it are arranged the principal building and urban services, although it is often also distribute a number of streets parallel to the axis central.El best-known model of this morphology is the Ciudad Lineal de Arturo Soria.139. PLANO Unordered corresponds to part of the city developed mainly in the Middle Ages, whose paths do not follow regular geometric structure but 1 ORTHOGONAL sinuosa.139.PLANO: corresponds to a rational model of city planning, to optimize land use with a provision of calles.139 rectangular. Concentric plan: corresponds to a city that prioritizes a central square or crossroads from which radially structural pathways of the city that are connected by successive concentric rings.140. Part-time farming: a term that refers to a method of farming that through laincorporación mechanization and modern farming techniques that occupation combines with other paid work in other productive sectors and is an essential factor in raising income per capita in many areas rurales.141. AGRICULTURE MARKET: one in which production
agriculture is geared entirely to the market, whether food is raw materials. It is characterized by its specialization and laincorporación advanced techniques, use of agrochemicals yoptimización costs. If the market is not regulated there riesg65de price instability. Is typical of developed countries but also in areas of silk developing countries 142. Subsistence farming: is one whose production is largely for home consumption and is characterized by low productivity. That is, its basic food production is
family or rural community. Is characteristic of large sectors of the countries most pobres.143. ORGANIC FARMING: Also called organic farming, is without chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using natural fertilizers to prevent contamination of soil and water. 144. Extensive agriculture: farming system based on occupation of land generally large, usually dedicated to one product, with input of scarce labor and mechanization. Yields per hectare are low, but higher unit labor invertido.145. Intensive agriculture: farming system that relies on the continued use of the land, prompted by a suitable climate or the introduction of irrigation, with input from abundant labor and little or no mechanization. You get several harvests, so the productivity of land (rent per unit area) is high, but the work is low. Is characteristic of areas with high population density. Often farms are small and land
is expensive, because of population pressure and high performance by hectárea.146. PARTNERSHIP: This is a special case of lease of land currently in decline. The owners take at least a portion of the means of production and leases land to the peasants in exchange for a share of the crop agreed in advance, which can be paid in cash.
147. LEASE: This is a lease of the land which states, in advance, a fixed amount of money to be paid by the tenant (lessee) the owner (lessor). The owner does not have to put the means of production and the farmer is free to decide the operation of plot. 148. FALLOW: it is an agricultural practice systems feature traditional rotation crops on land to rest secano.Consiste in a plot for a variable period of time (one station, half a year, a year or two …) to recover its fertility naturally. Is common in this period of rest may graze livestock on that land. 149. REPARCELLING: consists of a set of operations for the redistribution of plots in a rural term, grouping in regular units, larger and easier to access 150. Main crops are growing methods based on the effect of microclimate that produces a plastic cover, an increase of temperature and humidity on the natural conditions of the environment. They differ in that the technique of greenhouse heating system also incorporates artificial cultivation under plastic is limited to exploiting environmental conditions can be performed with citadas.Éste latest fixtures, generally domed tents or plastic sheeting spread over the rows.All arrangements are geared towards horticulture production, obtaining more focused wing comercialización.151 early harvests. SAND CULTURES: crops are produced through the technique of superposition of a sand layer over another layer of fertile soil in order to prevent evaporation of water in areas of intense sunlight. Spain operates in horticultural crops in the Southeast and the Canary Islands. Usually supplemented
plastic sheeting. 152. DEHESA: Domain holdings are arboreal or shrubby plant ganadero.153 use. EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK: is known as extensive livestock system that gets poor yields per hectare and per head even when it involves few means of production. It aims to obtain low-cost production using grass, stubble and pastures and scarce labor. In drier areas, we make the sell-off gained before the dry season. Spain operates a sheep and goats in the two sub-plateau and Andalucía.154. Intensive farming: it is the farming that aims to produce as many cattle (high performance) in the smallest space possible. The choice of breeds, application of modern techniques, the study of market demand and utilization of manpower required are more importantes.155 traits. Latifundio: is called a traditional agrarian structure where the large property and poor farming go together. The work is carried out by poor laborers or sharecroppers without ever being a real intensive. It is characterized by absentee ownership, low yields, exploitation of agriculture or ranching, the low wages and low investment. Without
But there are many traditional estates have taken the form of agricultural enterprise with strong capitalization thus breaking with the traditional image of latifundio.156. Minifundia: small farm dedicated to agriculture or
herd of very low profitability because of its small size, mechanization or hindering the practice of fallowing. 157. Monoculture: cropping system that devotes all plots on a farm and all farms in a region still only cultivo.158. CAP (Common Agricultural Policy): EU agricultural policy
which sets out guidelines to member countries to be omodificar adjust their structures to fit those guidelines. 159. Polyculture: farming of various products, usually herbaceous and tree or shrub in a holding or an area, giving a característico.160 landscape. PROGRAM LEADER: EU initiative promoted by the
European Commission on Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development to developing regional community areas affected by the conversion generated by PAC.161. IRRIGATION: agricultural technique based on artificial water supply alos fields. It is practiced in most areas where rainfall is low or irregular, for example mediterránea.162 area. REAFFORESTATION by planting trees in places where they grew up or where they disappeared, trying to mitigate the catastrophic effects on the soil is deforestation. And also obtaining an economic resource of forest products. 163. Transhumance: seasonal movement of cattle and men in order to get natural pastures, following the ravines, or fixed path for the passage of livestock. In Spain won
Travelers is mainly sheep, but in others it may be beef or other cabañas.164. AQUACULTURE: art to multiply and grow aquatic plants or animals in order to carry out a controlled collection, are the fish farms and fish farms.165. BANK FISHING OR FISHING ZONE: sea area where for various reasons, more oxygenated waters, the existence of abundant plankton, the confluence of currents … Are located abundancia.166 marine species. BIOLOGICAL PARO: a year in which it is prohibited to fish for marine species to reproduce and thus recover realizadas.167 catch. SEA FISHING: Fishing is exercised in areas not bounded by the seas and oceans, in the open seas, ie, beyond 200 miles of costa.168. Inshore fishing means fishing is done near the coast, with smaller vessels, returning each day to puerto.169. CONTINENTAL SHELF: prolongation of the landmass under the sea from the coastline to a depth of 200 m. 170. MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES: large company with thousands of employees which has subsidiaries, especially production in many countries and whose capital is taken in a process of accumulation multinacional.171. ENERGY SOURCES: are the natural resources which can obtain useful energy for various aplicaciones.172. Sources of alternative or renewable energies: they are energy sources that have a continuous regeneration, are inexhaustible as though intensidad.173 experience fluctuations. HOLDING: financial group through control actions
companies in many different sectors and especialidades.174. R & D (RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT): A set of activities undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase scientific knowledge and technical expertise, and its application to the production of goods and servicios.175. INDUSTRY OF USE AND CONSUMPTION: those industries engaged in producing goods k satisfy human needs directly, without requiring any additional processing final product for immediate use. 176. Agrifood industry: are the industries that transform products from agriculture, livestock or pesca.177 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES: industries that are engaged in producing machinery and apparatus necessary for the production of goods and services. 178 intermediate goods industry: are the industries that transform raw materials into goods that require further processing to become of use and consumption goods or capital goods. 179. INFLATION: continued growth and general price
goods and services over time. Impairment of dinero.180. RAW MATERIALS: is the material of plant or animal mineral obtained directly from nature that becomes bienes.181 industry. TECHNOLOGY PARKS: ground condition in which companies focus tech sectors in which research tasks d (or R & D) play a role relevante.182. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the sum of the values
added in the production processes of goods and services. Within a country for a period of time, usually one year. 183. Industrial estates: area of land, intended for urban planning to the installation of industrial plants, and most often with tax advantages. 184. Series Production: manufacture of many objects equal to each other, as a single employer or modelo.185. DIVISION OF LABOR: production system in which each
worker within the firm, specializes in a particular productive activity. In other scales could be defined: production system in which each company specializes in a particular production phase within a given sector.
186. INDUSTRIAL CONVERSION: adaptation of a production system (which had become obsolete due to changing
technology) to new market requirements, provided under competitive conditions. It occurs in traditional sectors like textiles, footwear, steel, metallurgy, construction, shipping 187. VALUE ADDED: The difference between the value of goods produced and cost of raw materials and other intermediate goods used for production.188. Tariff: tax on the price of a particular good imported into a país.189. TRADE BALANCE: it is the one that collects the value of all exports and imports of goods from one country to the outside
for a period of time, a año.190. BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: sistemáticmnte accounting document that records all financial transactions of a country with the rest of the world during a given time, one year, includes the Trade Balance, Services to and from Capital.191. WHOLESALE: trade is done by establishments or
companies selling products in large quantities to retailers and not consumidor.191. RETAIL: trade is done by establishments that sell products directly to consumidor.192. INTERIOR: The set of transactions of sale of goods that are made within the borders of a país.192.2 EXTERIOR: The set of transactions of sale of goods made by a country with the rest of mundo.193. CURRENCY: are the currencies of other countries. 194. Outsourcing is a process of population transfer of primary and secondary industry to services, to be agreed predominant. 195. RURAL TOURISM: Tourism is trying to exploit the values of rural areas, living among the population within habitat 196.EURO: the European single currency replacing all those countries that have acceded to the third stage of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The EMU is the agreement by several countries within the European Union decided to give up its currency as part of their economic independence, convinced that a common monetary policy was beneficial to their interests. The conversion rate in Spain is by example with six significant figures, three decimal places: 166.386 ptas. By Euro.197. ERDF (European Regional Development) is the most important structural substance of the European Union for development of regions for its endowment since it reaches about half the total of all economic structural funds.
Founded in 1975 to reduce regional imbalances between states miembros.198. EAGGF (EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL GUIDANCE AND GUARANTEE): created in January 1962 and divided into two sections, one dealing with security prices and farm incomes, and other guidance, which is responsible for the improvement of agricultural structures . The purpose of the EAGGF is the financing of the CAP 199. ESF (European Social Fund) European fund to improve the employability of workers in the EU and better standards of life. Is to put in place training programs, programs to assist recruitment to newly created WORKING stable and favoring the creation of new empresas.200. Maastricht Treaty on 7 February 1992, is signed in Maastricht (Netherlands) the Treaty on European Union. By this treaty the EC renamed EU and establishing political,
social and economic base with two objectives: economic and social cohesion and sustainable development. 202. BIODIVERSITY: for biodiversity means biological diversity, ie the number and variety of species in a given space domain. Spain is the country of the European Union with high biodiversity value. 203. CLIMATE CHANGE: a change in climate due to human action, mainly as a result deladestrucción the greenhouse effect and ozone layer. All this helps raise the average temperature of the earth, with the consequent danger of decline by melting ice caps, increasing the volume of water of the seas, sinking of the lower parts of the land surface, etc.204. Urban climate: weather typical of the cities, the result of local modifications that introduces urban climate of the region that rodea.205. POLLUTION: is the presence in the natural environment
substances or energy levels in such concentration and duration, which may cause adverse effects in humans and the environment. 206. DEFORESTATION: The process of forest removal of the vegetation and the excessive cutting of trees and fire. 207. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: balance between economic development and the environment, so that satisfies its needs of present generations without compromising those of futuras.208. DESERTIFICATION: total loss as a result of soil degradation and erosion caused by man. 209. Greenhouse effect of global warming because it is more permeable to solar radiation incoming shortwave to longwave radiation emitted from the surface terrestre.210. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: alteration of the action by humana.211. ACID RAIN: results from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen that are produced when burning fossil fuels like coal or oil in power plants, industrial boilers and car engines. These pollutants are mixed with atmospheric water vapor, becoming dilute solutions
sulfuric acid and nitric acid to fall to the earth’s surface drops lluvia.212. BLACK TIDE: ecological disaster caused by a patch of oil, as a result of large tanker accidents, oil leak on oil rigs, oil pipeline rupture. Among the most prominent effect is the death of marine organisms and the economic losses and disruption of fishing activities turísticas.213. ENVIRONMENT: A set of physical components, chemical, biological and social, that can cause direct or indirect, within an end or long, on living beings and human activities.