Computer Hardware, Software, and Networking Essentials
Computer: It is an electronic machine that receives and processes data to convert it. A computer is a collection of integrated circuits and related components that can execute with accuracy, speed, and according to what is indicated by the user or automatically by another program, a variety of sequences of instructions or routines that are ordered, organized, and systematized in a wide range of practical applications and precisely determined. This process has been called programming, and the person who performs it is called a programmer.
Hardware
Hardware: Covers all the physical parts of a computer (hard drive, motherboard, memory, accelerator card, video output, audio output, CD, microprocessors, USB ports, etc.). The software, which covers all programs and data stored on your computer, runs on the hardware.
Software
Software: These are the instructions that cause the hardware (the machine) to work. As a general concept, software can be divided into several categories based on the type of work performed. The two primary categories are system software, which controls the workings of the computer, and application software, which addresses the multitude of tasks for which computers are used.
RAM
RAM: Main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) is where the computer saves the data you are using at the moment. The storage is considered temporary because the data and programs remain there while the computer is turned on or until it is rebooted. It is called RAM because it is possible to access any random location of it quickly.
TCP/IP
We have developed several families of protocols for network communication for UNIX systems. The most widely used is the Internet Protocol Suite, commonly known as TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a protocol that provides reliable data transmission on packet networks. The name TCP/IP comes from two major protocols in the family: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Together, they become more than 100 different protocols defined in this set. The TCP/IP-based Internet is used to link computers running different operating systems, including PCs, minicomputers, and mainframe computers, over local area networks to wide area networks.
Input/Output Devices
Input Devices:
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Joystick
- Microphone
- Optical Pen
- Webcam
- Scanner
- Bar Code Scanner
- Touch Screen
Output Devices:
- Monitor
- Speakers
- Headphones
- Printer
- Plotter
- Projector
Input and Output Devices:
- Storage Unit
- CD
- DVD
- Modem
- Fax
- USB
Networking Protocols
Protocol: Is a set of rules governing communications between computers in a network. These standards specify what type of cables are used, what types of network topologies are used, what the communication speed will be, and how transmission will occur. The most popular channel access standards are Ethernet, LocalTalk, and Token Ring.
Ethernet
Ethernet is a standard for computer networks for local area contention medium access by CSMA/CD. The name comes from the physical concept of ether. It defines the characteristics of Ethernet cabling and signaling and physical layer frame formats of the data link layer of the OSI model.