Computer Security Threats: Viruses, Malware, and Exploits

What is a Computer?

A computer (from the Latin computare, meaning “to estimate”) is an electronic device that processes data to produce useful information. It consists of integrated circuits and components that execute instructions with speed and accuracy, based on user input or automated programs. This process, known as programming, enables a wide range of practical applications.

Computers require both software (instructions) and specific data (input) to generate output (processed information). This output can be used, reinterpreted, copied, transferred, or relayed locally or remotely via telecommunication systems. It can also be stored on various devices.

Common Computer Security Threats

Malware

Malware (malicious software) is software designed to infiltrate and damage a computer system without the owner’s knowledge. It encompasses various malicious programs like Trojans and spyware. While the term “computer virus” is often used generically, malware is a broader term encompassing all types of hostile and intrusive software. Malware can target applications, operating systems, or networks.

Exploits

An exploit is software, data, or a script that takes advantage of a system’s vulnerability to cause unintended behavior. This can include taking control of a computer system, escalating privileges, or launching a denial-of-service attack.

Viruses

A computer virus is malware that alters a computer’s normal operation without the user’s consent. Viruses often replace executable files with their own malicious code. They can destroy data or cause disruptive behavior.

Trojans

A Trojan (Trojan horse) is a malicious program that allows unauthorized access to a computer through a network. It gathers information or controls the machine remotely. Unlike viruses, Trojans don’t necessarily cause damage, as their primary goal is remote access.

Worms

A computer worm is self-replicating malware that uses a system’s automated functions to spread. Unlike viruses, worms don’t alter files but reside in memory and duplicate. They often cause network problems by consuming bandwidth.

Backdoors

A backdoor is software that bypasses normal authentication procedures to access a computer system. It can allow unauthorized access to user information. Backdoors can be disguised as links to updates, tricking users into downloading malicious code.

Bugs

A bug is a programming error that prevents a computer system from operating correctly. The term originated from a moth found trapped in a relay of the Mark II computer at Harvard University in 1945.

Software

Software refers to the logical components of a computer system, including all the programs needed for specific tasks. It is distinct from the physical components (hardware).