Computer Systems: Components and Applications
What is a Chipset?
A chipset is a set of integrated circuits responsible for controlling certain functions of a computer, such as caching or control ports.
Elements of a Chipset
A chipset typically houses two chips, called the Northbridge and the Southbridge, which share the task of controlling data traffic on the motherboard.
What is a CPU?
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
Characteristics of a CPU
Key characteristics of a CPU include:
- Speed
- Memory
- Power consumption
- Data bus
- Parallelism
- Clock frequency
Role of the Bus Driver
- Acts as an intermediary for transfers over the bus
- Responsible for allocating time on the bus
- Serves as a bridge adapter between different buses
- Manages the use of the bus by connected devices
What are I/O Ports?
I/O (Input/Output) ports are memory addresses used by the processor to communicate directly with a device that has sent an interrupt signal. They can be external or internal registers.
Characteristics of I/O Ports
Important characteristics of I/O ports include:
- Reliability
- Durability
- Density
- Reuse
- Type of access
- Portability
Function of the Interrupt Handler
The interrupt handler is a hardware component that manages interruptions. It can enable or inhibit interrupt lines and prioritize various enabled interrupts.
Common Types of Interrupts
The most common type of interrupt is hardware interrupts.
Function of the DMA Controller
The Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller allows direct access to memory through registers. These registers indicate the memory address to be accessed and the number of memory locations to be transferred.
Role of Timing and Control Circuits
Timing and control circuits form a sequential network that accepts a code defining the operation to be executed. It then goes through a sequence of states, generating a corresponding sequence of control signals.
Role of Video Drivers
The basic function of video drivers is to convert the information processed by the computer into a signal that a monitor can interpret and display.
Uses of I/O Ports
I/O ports facilitate the exchange of commands and data between the processor and a device using an address.
How is Data Storage Handled?
Data storage is carried out using various storage media, such as:
- Magnetic tape
- CDs
- Floppy disks
- Hard disks
- USB memory sticks
Role of a Power Supply
A power supply converts the alternating current (AC) from the electrical distribution network into a different type of electric current suitable for the intended use.
Operating Environments for Computer Systems
Computer systems are used in various environments, including business, industry, and commerce.
Application of Computer Systems in Business
An example is the use of computers for money transactions between companies and banks.
Application of Computer Systems in Industry
For instance, in car factories, assembly lines are controlled by computer systems that manage mechanical parts and assemble vehicles.
Application of Computer Systems in E-commerce
An example is a mall where barcode readers scan items, and the computer screen displays the price of the goods.
Application of Computer Systems in Technology
Examples include the use of computer systems in GPS technology for cell phones or cars to determine location or find an address, or the development of robots to assist people with tasks they cannot perform.