Cybersecurity Essentials: Understanding Threats and Protection
Cybersecurity Essentials
Encryption Methods
Symmetric Encryption
Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encoding and decoding. This key is shared between the sender and receiver, allowing the sender to encrypt the message and the receiver to decrypt it.
Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric encryption, also known as public-key cryptography, uses two distinct keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender uses the receiver’s public key to encrypt the message, and the receiver uses their private key to decrypt it.
Hash Functions
Hash functions, also known as cryptographic reduction, are irreversible operations that generate a unique key representing the input data. Different hash keys indicate different source data. This property is crucial for data integrity verification.
Network Security
Firewalls
A firewall controls and filters network connections for a computer or network. It acts as a barrier between a private network and the outside world, preventing unauthorized access. Firewalls monitor traffic, log events, and trigger alarms.
Proxy Servers
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client and a destination server. When a client requests information, it connects to the proxy server instead of the destination server, adding a layer of security and anonymity.
Malware
Definition
Malware refers to programs designed to infiltrate or harm a computer without the user’s knowledge. These programs often disguise themselves to deceive users. While the term “virus” is commonly used to describe all types of malware, it technically refers to a specific type.
- Malware’s Objectives:
- Steal sensitive information like personal data, passwords, and account numbers.
- Create botnets (networks of infected computers) for spam distribution, phishing attacks, and denial-of-service attacks.
- Promote fraudulent security solutions.
- Disrupt computer operations or encrypt files for ransom.
Viruses
A computer virus is a type of malware that alters a computer’s normal functioning without the user’s consent. Viruses typically replace executable files with infected versions. They activate when an infected program is executed, often unknowingly by the user. The virus then resides in the computer’s RAM, even after the initial program closes. From there, it can infect other executable files and replicate itself.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files or entire operating system and demands a ransom for their release. The malware first gains access to the device, then encrypts data, and finally demands payment.
Protecting Your Data
As a general rule, avoid sharing personal information online, except on trusted websites. This includes personal, family, financial, and behavioral data. Legitimate banks never request account numbers, national IDs, or bank card details via email or the internet. Never provide this information, even if seemingly requested by your bank. If a website generates access keys for you, they should not need to ask for them via email.