Democracy: Origins, Theories, and Modern Challenges
1. Defining Democracy
Democracy is a system where power resides in all members, who make decisions reflecting the collective will. It can be a form of government where decisions are made directly or indirectly through representatives. Broadly, it’s a social interaction based on freedom, equality, and contractual arrangements. Historically, democracy contrasts with monarchy and aristocracy. The term originates from Greek demos (people) and kratos (power). Athenian democracy is considered an early example. In direct democracy, all citizens actively participate in public affairs.
2. Hobbes and Rousseau
Hobbes (1588-1679)
Hobbes sought rational principles to legitimize political power. He viewed humans as driven by desires for achievement and self-preservation. In a state of nature, life is selfish, weak, and short.
Rousseau (18th Century)
Rousseau believed humans are inherently good and free, corrupted by society. He advocated restoring democratic principles of freedom and equality, guided by the general will.
3. Constitutionalism Options
Rationalist Constitutionalism
Constituent power establishes equality before the law, preventing arbitrary rule.
Consensualist Constitutionalism
Constitutional processes should be based on consensus among social forces.
Permanent Constitutional Process
Advocates argue for continuous democratic potential beyond established powers, engaging the public.
4. Rule of Law and Legitimacy
States emerged around 3000 BC with written rules to regulate society. Modern laws must be announced by institutions based on popular sovereignty and align with fundamental legal principles, including:
- Formal principles: Standards all laws must meet.
- Civil liberties: Fundamental rights for all.
State institutions must comply with and enforce legitimate laws.
5. Habermas and Deliberative Democracy
Habermas supports deliberative representative democracy, critiquing technocratic elitism. Citizen participation is crucial for individual autonomy. He proposes:
- Building on current democracy, recognizing legitimate public space.
- Establishing principles for public space to enable informed policy development.
- Ensuring symmetrical public participation with equal access to information.
- Focusing on public issues, avoiding private intrusion.
- Prioritizing the best argument over demagoguery.
- Clearly differentiating between beliefs and communication channels.