Diabetes and Hormones: Metabolic Effects
Metabolic Effects of Hormones and Diabetes
Insulin and Glucagon
1. Which one of the following is characteristic of low insulin levels?
a) Increased formation of ketone bodies
2. Which one of the following statements concerning glucagon is incorrect?
a) It promotes gluconeogenesis by stimulating the generation of cAMP in target cells
3. The metabolic effect of growth hormone action is:
a) Increase oxidation of glucose and amino acids
4. Which of the following counter-regulatory hormones acts through binding to an intracellular membrane-embedded receptor?
Cortisol
5. Which one of the following hormones protects the body from hypoglycemia?
a) Cortisol
b) Epinephrine
c) Glucagon
d) Answer b, c, and d are correct
6. The metabolic effect of growth hormone action is?
a) Diversion of amino acids from oxidation to protein synthesis
7. In response to chronic stress, glucocorticoids act to make fuels available. When glucocorticoids are elevated then:
a) Proteolysis occurs in skin and muscles
8. Which one of the following statements about thyroid hormone is true?
a) All of the above are true
9. Insulin:
c) Causes an increase in the number of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane of muscle and adipocytes
10. Which one of the following actions is shared by glucagon and epinephrine?
b) Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
11. Injection of glucagon into an individual in a well-fed state (3-5 hours after a meal):
d) Will induce glycogenolysis in the liver but not in muscle
12. Which of the following counter-regulatory hormones acts through the induction of insulin-like growth factors?
d) Growth hormone
13. Cortisol release is enhanced by hypoglycemia. The release of cortisol leads to an increase in the transcription of which of the following genes?
d) Glucokinase
14. Which one of the following statements concerning glucagon is correct?
b) Release is increased by epinephrine
15. Which of the following counter-regulatory hormones acts through binding to an intracellular receptor as opposed to a plasma membrane-embedded receptor?
d) Somatostatin
16. After drinking alcohol, a starving man starts to sweat, has tremors, and is experiencing delusion, headache, and extreme fatigue. The patient has:
b) Elevated insulin
Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2
1. Which one of the following is characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
e) It results in an increase in hepatic gluconeogenesis
2. Which one of the following best describes a characteristic of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes not usually in type 1 diabetes?
Hyperglycemia
3. Absolute or relative deficiency of insulin leads to disturbances in diabetic patients. Mark by arrow the nature of these changes (Up: increasing, down: decreasing, arrow on the side: no effect):
- a) Glucose uptake by tissue: ↓
- b) Glycogenolysis: ↑
- c) Gluconeogenesis: ↑
- d) Lipolysis: ↑
- e) Hepatic output of ketone bodies: ↑
4. An individual with insulin resistance and normal beta-cell function:
a) Usually shows elevated fasting insulin levels
5. You see a 56-year-old female patient in follow-up after discharge from the hospital. She was treated for ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia and is now on basal and rapid-acting insulin. You wonder if she really has type 1 diabetes and was in ketoacidosis or has type 2 diabetes and had a hyperosmolar state with lactic acidosis. Which of the following lab tests would help you determine this patient’s type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
d) Insulin levels
6. Which one of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
b) Insulin is present in the blood
7. Which one of the following changes is common to both acute type 1 diabetes and starvation?
c) Increased ketogenesis
8. A type 1 diabetic who has neglected to take his insulin for a few days displays both hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The hypertriglyceridemia is due, in part, to which of the following?
b) Reduced secretion of lipoprotein lipase
9. A type 2 diabetic has been taking metformin to help regulate blood glucose levels. What is the effect of metformin action in the patient’s organism?
d) Reduce gluconeogenesis
10. A patient with glycosylated hemoglobin of 13% likely is:
b) Diabetic with poor glycemic control