Digital Video and Camera Technology: Key Concepts

ITEM 8

1. Line Enables Digital (LAD)

Line Enables Digital (LAD) is the result of scanning a line of analog video. Digitization is done with:

  • 720 samples covering the 53.3 microseconds of video information.

2. 4:2:0 Digitization

The 4:2:0 digitization specifies performing the following analog-to-digital conversion on each line:

  • 720 luminance samples, or 360 CR, 360 CB.

3. Eye Diagram: Incorrect Statements

Identify the incorrect statement regarding the eye diagram:

  • It allows us to determine if the digital video colors are correct.
  • It allows us to determine levels of digital video color and detect their errors.
  • We can see if the color vectors are correct.

4. MPEG-2 Compression: Intra Coding and Encoding

MPEG-2 compression is used for the transmission of digital video, occupying a much smaller bandwidth. Indicate which statement is incorrect regarding Intra coding and encoding:

  • Intra coding: The DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) encodes the data but is not compressed.
  • Encoding: It combines information from macroblocks of 16×16 pixels in order to implement the DCT.

5. Compression Sequence: Images Q and I

  • Images Q: Are incorporated only changes from the previous I or P picture.
  • Images I: Include a complete picture serving as a reference signal.

6. DVB and MPEG-2

DVB uses MPEG-2 compression to transmit video, plus:

  • It allows the transmission of radio programs and data.

6. 4:2:0 Macroblock Sampling

A 4:2:0 sampling macroblock has the following information:

  • An array of 16×16 luminance points, 8×8 CB, and 8×8 CR.

7. IEEE 1394 Connector: Incorrect Statement

Note which statement is incorrect. The transmission of digital video data through the IEEE 1394 connector series:

  • Supports information flows up to 27 Mbits per second.

7. 4:2:0 Macroblock Sampling

A 4:2:0 sampling macroblock has the following information:

  • A matrix of 16×16 luminance points, 8×8 CB, and 8×8 CR.

8. Data Flow for 4:2:2 Video Signal

The flow of data needed to transmit a video signal with a 4:2:2 ratio of 8 bits per sample is as follows:

  • 216 Mbits/s -> 1440 samples of 8 bits per line of 53.3 microseconds.

8. IEEE 1394 Connector: Incorrect Statement

Note which statement is incorrect. The transmission of digital video data through the IEEE 1394 connector series:

  • Supports information flows up to 27 Mbits per second.

9. Parallel Transmission with D-sub Connector

Note the incorrect statement. The transmission of a digital video frame in parallel with a D-sub connector with 25 contacts:

  • To send the data, it uses a balanced data line of 27.

9. Data Flow for 4:2:2 Video Signal

The flow of data needed to transmit a video signal with a 4:2:2 ratio of 8 bits per sample is as follows:

  • 216 Mbits/s -> 1440 samples of 8 bits per line of 53.3 microseconds.

10. DVB: Correct Statement

Report the correct statement regarding DVB:

  • Supports systems including high definition (HDTV).

ITEM 9

11. Iris Control Mechanism

The iris control mechanism allows operation through:

  • Adjusting the light entering to the appropriate level for the CCD.

12. Back Focus Adjustment

The adjustment of back focus lenses of an objective:

  • Is performed when you change the target and serves to maintain focus when zooming.

13. Camera Filters: Incorrect Statements

Camera filters fulfill the following functions (note the incorrect statement):

  • A neutral density filter with a high rate would be used in low illumination.
  • To make a light bulb, we would use one of the neutral density filters.

14. Current Professional Cameras

Current professional cameras use as image sensors the CCD:

  • With three CCDs, or FIT IT type, with electronic shutter.

5. Image Sensors in Professional Cameras

Currently used as image sensors in professional cameras are CCDs:

  • With three CCDs (R, G, and B) with electronic shutter, barrier, and microlens.

15. White Balance with Incandescent Lighting

With incandescent lighting (yellow), the white balance setting on the camera:

  • Adjusts the red and blue gains to compensate and prevent yellowing.

16. Camera Communication: Incorrect Statement

The multicore cable, the triax, and fiber optics (whichever you use) serve to communicate the camera and production control. Note the incorrect statement:

  • Long distances enable multicore and optical fiber over short distances.

17. Digital Video Cameras: Incorrect Statement

Report the incorrect statement about digital video cameras:

  • The A/D converters pass the luminance and chrominance to digital.

9. Digital Cameras: Incorrect Statement

Report the incorrect statement regarding digital cameras:

  • CCD sensors deliver the digital outputs with 10 or 12-bit resolution.

18. Synchronization in Multi-Camera Setup

In a study of more than one camera for a program, sync:

  • Are generated by a pattern sync (Genlock) to be all equal.

19. Pedestal and Gain Controls

The pedestal and gain controls are used to:

  • Adjust the black level and gain to achieve 100% white image.

20. Knee and Slope Corrections

Knee and slope corrections:

  • Switches to achieve luminance gain in over-illuminated scenes for pleasant images.

1. Optical Unit Elements

In the optical unit are the following groups of elements and/or elements:

  • Focusing lenses, eyeglass frame, rear-focus lens, and iris.

3. Interchangeable Optics

In a camera with interchangeable optics (optical block):

  • When you change the objective, it requires an adjustment of the back focus lenses.

4. Infrared and Low-Pass Filters

The infrared filter and low-pass filter are used to:

  • Delete the wavelengths of light that are beyond the human visible spectrum.

6. White Balance with Fluorescent Lighting

With fluorescent lamp illumination (blue), the white balance setting on the camera:

  • Adjusts the red and blue gains to compensate and avoid the blue hue.