Digital Video and Camera Technology: Key Concepts
ITEM 8
1. Line Enables Digital (LAD)
Line Enables Digital (LAD) is the result of scanning a line of analog video. Digitization is done with:
- 720 samples covering the 53.3 microseconds of video information.
2. 4:2:0 Digitization
The 4:2:0 digitization specifies performing the following analog-to-digital conversion on each line:
- 720 luminance samples, or 360 CR, 360 CB.
3. Eye Diagram: Incorrect Statements
Identify the incorrect statement regarding the eye diagram:
- It allows us to determine if the digital video colors are correct.
- It allows us to determine levels of digital video color and detect their errors.
- We can see if the color vectors are correct.
4. MPEG-2 Compression: Intra Coding and Encoding
MPEG-2 compression is used for the transmission of digital video, occupying a much smaller bandwidth. Indicate which statement is incorrect regarding Intra coding and encoding:
- Intra coding: The DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) encodes the data but is not compressed.
- Encoding: It combines information from macroblocks of 16×16 pixels in order to implement the DCT.
5. Compression Sequence: Images Q and I
- Images Q: Are incorporated only changes from the previous I or P picture.
- Images I: Include a complete picture serving as a reference signal.
6. DVB and MPEG-2
DVB uses MPEG-2 compression to transmit video, plus:
- It allows the transmission of radio programs and data.
6. 4:2:0 Macroblock Sampling
A 4:2:0 sampling macroblock has the following information:
- An array of 16×16 luminance points, 8×8 CB, and 8×8 CR.
7. IEEE 1394 Connector: Incorrect Statement
Note which statement is incorrect. The transmission of digital video data through the IEEE 1394 connector series:
- Supports information flows up to 27 Mbits per second.
7. 4:2:0 Macroblock Sampling
A 4:2:0 sampling macroblock has the following information:
- A matrix of 16×16 luminance points, 8×8 CB, and 8×8 CR.
8. Data Flow for 4:2:2 Video Signal
The flow of data needed to transmit a video signal with a 4:2:2 ratio of 8 bits per sample is as follows:
- 216 Mbits/s -> 1440 samples of 8 bits per line of 53.3 microseconds.
8. IEEE 1394 Connector: Incorrect Statement
Note which statement is incorrect. The transmission of digital video data through the IEEE 1394 connector series:
- Supports information flows up to 27 Mbits per second.
9. Parallel Transmission with D-sub Connector
Note the incorrect statement. The transmission of a digital video frame in parallel with a D-sub connector with 25 contacts:
- To send the data, it uses a balanced data line of 27.
9. Data Flow for 4:2:2 Video Signal
The flow of data needed to transmit a video signal with a 4:2:2 ratio of 8 bits per sample is as follows:
- 216 Mbits/s -> 1440 samples of 8 bits per line of 53.3 microseconds.
10. DVB: Correct Statement
Report the correct statement regarding DVB:
- Supports systems including high definition (HDTV).
ITEM 9
11. Iris Control Mechanism
The iris control mechanism allows operation through:
- Adjusting the light entering to the appropriate level for the CCD.
12. Back Focus Adjustment
The adjustment of back focus lenses of an objective:
- Is performed when you change the target and serves to maintain focus when zooming.
13. Camera Filters: Incorrect Statements
Camera filters fulfill the following functions (note the incorrect statement):
- A neutral density filter with a high rate would be used in low illumination.
- To make a light bulb, we would use one of the neutral density filters.
14. Current Professional Cameras
Current professional cameras use as image sensors the CCD:
- With three CCDs, or FIT IT type, with electronic shutter.
5. Image Sensors in Professional Cameras
Currently used as image sensors in professional cameras are CCDs:
- With three CCDs (R, G, and B) with electronic shutter, barrier, and microlens.
15. White Balance with Incandescent Lighting
With incandescent lighting (yellow), the white balance setting on the camera:
- Adjusts the red and blue gains to compensate and prevent yellowing.
16. Camera Communication: Incorrect Statement
The multicore cable, the triax, and fiber optics (whichever you use) serve to communicate the camera and production control. Note the incorrect statement:
- Long distances enable multicore and optical fiber over short distances.
17. Digital Video Cameras: Incorrect Statement
Report the incorrect statement about digital video cameras:
- The A/D converters pass the luminance and chrominance to digital.
9. Digital Cameras: Incorrect Statement
Report the incorrect statement regarding digital cameras:
- CCD sensors deliver the digital outputs with 10 or 12-bit resolution.
18. Synchronization in Multi-Camera Setup
In a study of more than one camera for a program, sync:
- Are generated by a pattern sync (Genlock) to be all equal.
19. Pedestal and Gain Controls
The pedestal and gain controls are used to:
- Adjust the black level and gain to achieve 100% white image.
20. Knee and Slope Corrections
Knee and slope corrections:
- Switches to achieve luminance gain in over-illuminated scenes for pleasant images.
1. Optical Unit Elements
In the optical unit are the following groups of elements and/or elements:
- Focusing lenses, eyeglass frame, rear-focus lens, and iris.
3. Interchangeable Optics
In a camera with interchangeable optics (optical block):
- When you change the objective, it requires an adjustment of the back focus lenses.
4. Infrared and Low-Pass Filters
The infrared filter and low-pass filter are used to:
- Delete the wavelengths of light that are beyond the human visible spectrum.
6. White Balance with Fluorescent Lighting
With fluorescent lamp illumination (blue), the white balance setting on the camera:
- Adjusts the red and blue gains to compensate and avoid the blue hue.