Document Authentication and Analysis in Graphoscopy

Posted on Jan 15, 2025 in Physical Education

Document Authentication and Analysis

Document’s Value

Documents hold value in terms of monetary payment, identity, and other aspects.

Definition (According to Barbera and Baker)

Document authentication is the set of studies regarding the observation and analysis to determine whether a document is authentic or false. The findings are presented in a report.

Divisions

  • Graphoscopy (Calligraphy, Graph, Padding, Crypto, Graphopathology)
  • Document Examination (Studies the document in full detail)

What is a Document?

A document is any illustrious writing that records an idea through writing (from Picchio).

Elements of a Document

  • Ideological
  • Material

Document Categories

  • Public: Issued by an institution, advertised, or governmental.
  • Private: Issued by an individual.

Components of a Document

  • Support
  • Content
  • Security elements (4 levels)

The Expert

An expert is a person who informs the judge of a disagreement and can relate their knowledge (RAE). They can testify about a specialized science, craft, or art (legal framework).

History of Document Examination

  1. Romantic Empiricism
  2. Scientific
  3. Technical-Scientific Sincerity

Scientific Method

The scientific method involves reasoning, approach, experimentation, and is debatable. It has principles and objects of study.

Graphoscopy: Determines authenticity or falsity and provides authorship.

Alphabet

The alphabet is the graphic fixation of thought (ideographic, phonetic, articulated).

Scriptural Process

Writing is the result of permanent, concrete, and personal graphic movement. It is complex, learned, and follows norms of cognitive thought.

Laws of Writing (Bolangir Pellat)

These laws depend on the alphabet used and translate ideas into thought.

  1. The brain writes.
  2. Muscle fatigue occurs when tired.
  3. Counterfeiting or fraudulent corrections.
  4. Principle of minimum effort.

Stages of Writing Evolution

  1. Pre-calligraphic: (6-9 years old) Immature, lack of domain, clumsiness, tremor.
  2. Calligraphic Child: (10-12 years old) The child wants to stamp their seal, fine motor domain.
  3. Post-calligraphic: Teen, equilibrium. No doubt, they want to change their writing when taking notes.

Factors Favoring Manuscript Writing

  1. Psychomotor development (control, precision, coordination)
  2. Symbolic function: To understand and feel
  3. Language (alterable)
  4. Affective factors

Involution of Writing

Age or diseases impair scriptural development, returning it to the calligraphic child stage.

Derangement and Writing

  1. Agnosia: Does not recognize objects or symbols.
  2. Aphasia: Does not speak but can type.
  3. Apraxia: Cannot move but has no mental impairment.
  4. Agraphia: Amnesia, forgets lyrics.
  5. Dysgraphia: Copies a model but alters it.

Diseases and Their Effects on Writing

  1. Epilepsy: Sinuous, zigzag lines, confused, disorderly.
  2. Alcoholism: Tremor.
  3. Drug Addiction: Tremor upwards, letters jump.
  4. Cardiac Affliction: Cuts in writing.

Elements of Writing

  • Stroke: An essential part, a point (vertical, horizontal, curved, convex, concave, mixed) with full pressure or fine.
  • Letter: A sign of the alphabet, represents a sound (simple, compound).
  • Trait: An ornamental part.
    • By position: Initial, final, binding.
    • By form: Harpoon or hook, whip, saber, paved, mace, button.
    • By anomaly: Filling, breeze, twisted, abnormal speech.

Study of Writing

  1. Morphology: Appearance (similar, dissimilar).
  2. Form: Appearance, form of lines, and union of features (curves, angles, straight).
  3. Type of Letter: Italics, cursive, disconnected or segmented, print imitation, uppercase, lowercase, mixed (M m), small caps.
  4. Calligraphic Box: Always in the middle (straight, concave, convex, sinuous, up, down).
  5. Nature of the Path: Each person’s personal character.
  6. Pressure: Inversely proportional to velocity.
  7. Degree of Evolution: Calligraphic stage ratio (low education, old, young child).
  8. Execution Speed: Speed.
  9. Support Level Usage: How the printed or imaginary support line is used (above, below).
  10. Proportionality: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1.
  11. Segmentations: Separation between letters.
  12. Letter Nexus, Cohesion Ligature: No words.
  13. Orientation: Constant address or to the plane (horizontal, ascending, descending, wavy).