Economic Concepts: Tariffs to Globalization
Customs Tariffs
Customs tariffs are applied to imported goods crossing borders, establishing value as a percentage or fixed amount per unit. Significant since the 16th and 17th centuries in foreign trade, tariffs are a protectionist policy to shield domestic industries from international competition. Their level determines an economy’s degree of protectionism or free trade. Exemptions are customary in certain places.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals for commercial purposes. It involves controlled breeding and farming systems (selection, reproduction, and disease management). These farms, known as fish farms, meet some of Spain’s demand for fish and seafood, benefiting from favorable weather and extensive shorelines.
Agriculture Market
Agriculture Market is a farming system prevalent in Western Europe and the U.S., producing diverse products based on market demand in the producer country, nearby countries, or common markets. It includes cultivating traditional and new varieties, using specialized equipment, modernizing irrigation, applying fertilizers, and employing biological pest control to enhance profits and crop quality.
Traditional or Subsistence Agriculture
Traditional or Subsistence Agriculture refers to farming in underdeveloped or developing countries focused on self-sufficiency. Production is primarily for household consumption, with surplus, if any, sold in local markets.
Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a land tenure system where plots are rented for a portion of the harvest (payment in kind) to the landowner.
Leasing
Leasing is a land tenure contract where land is transferred to farmers for a rental fee.
Balance of Payments
The balance of payments records all economic exchanges of a country for goods and services. A surplus occurs when revenues exceed costs; otherwise, it’s a deficit. Spain’s balance of payments surplus is driven by tourism.
Balance of Trade
The balance of trade is the difference between a country’s imports and exports, reflecting only one part of its economic exchanges. A positive balance means export value exceeds import value.
Fishing Banks or Fishing Zones
Fishing Banks or Fishing Zones are sea areas rich in fish due to the confluence of warm and cold currents (e.g., Sea of Japan), continental shelf extension (e.g., North Sea), or proximity to cold ocean currents (e.g., Namibia’s Benguela current).
Fallow
Fallow is the practice of leaving agricultural land uncultivated for a period, usually a year, to oxygenate the soil, improve water infiltration, and restore fertility.
Industrial Center
An industrial center is a landscape dominated by consumer industries around medium-sized urban centers, such as Ciudad Real and Albacete.
Retail/Wholesale
Retail involves buying in small quantities from wholesalers and selling directly to consumers. Wholesale involves purchasing large quantities from producers to sell to smaller stores or shopping centers.
Foreign Trade
Foreign Trade involves exporting national products and importing goods from other countries.
Internal Trade
Internal Trade is the volume of trade within a country, depending on population and consumption capacity.
Reparcelling
Reparcelling reduces the number of plots and increases their size to enhance profitability, a process initiated in Spain during the 1950s.
Agricultural Cooperative
An agricultural cooperative is a company formed by individuals who collaborate in agricultural activities to meet their needs and professional aspirations.
Crops Under Plastic
Crops under plastic involve covering crops with plastic to retain moisture, prevent evaporation, and protect from cold. This technique is common in areas with low rainfall, like El Ejido in Almería, using greenhouses to control climate and environmental factors.
Sanded Crops
Sanded crops use soil prepared with manure and sand, where sand filters moisture retained by manure, gradually releasing it to plants.
Hydroponic Crops
Hydroponic crops are grown without soil, using an inert medium with a nutrient solution, allowing for better nutrition control and increased yield.
Deficit
A deficit is the negative difference between public administration income and expenses over a period.
Offshoring
Offshoring is the relocation of industry from developed to developing countries to reduce costs, increase competitiveness, and benefit from tax advantages.
Forex
Forex refers to foreign currency relative to a country’s currency.
Alternative Energy
Alternative energy sources are inexhaustible resources like solar, water, and wind, used as alternatives to non-renewable fossil fuels.
Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable energy sources are derived from limited natural resources like coal, oil, and natural gas, with significant environmental impacts.
Industrial Specialization
Industrial specialization focuses on a single economic activity to achieve higher yields and market attraction, though diversification is now a trend.
Estabulo
Estabulo is a livestock farm where cattle are fed forage and feed in stables, emphasizing health and product quality.
Structural Funds
Structural funds from the EU budget aim to eliminate regional economic disparities and modernize infrastructure.
Source of Energy
Source of energy refers to natural resources producing work, either limited (fossil fuels) or unlimited (alternative energy).
Livestock
Livestock refers to the total head of animals in a region, varying by species and location in Spain.
Rural Housing
Rural housing can be concentrated (grouped in villages) or dispersed (scattered houses surrounded by farmland).
Capital Goods Industries
Capital goods industries manufacture machinery and equipment, including mechanical, construction, and high-tech industries.
Fixed Assets and Consumption Industries
These light industries produce consumer goods using raw materials from heavy industry, located near cities.
Intensive Agriculture
Intensive agriculture uses high labor, investment, and technology to maximize yields per unit area.
Intensive Livestock
Intensive livestock farming involves high-density cattle in barns or stables, with controlled feeding and disease management.
Extensive Agriculture
Extensive agriculture uses large tracts of land with low yields per unit area, common in rainfed cereal crops.
Livestock Farming
Livestock farming occurs in open areas where livestock graze on natural pastures.
Scientific Research
Scientific research is a systematic process to expand knowledge through observation and experimentation.
Latifundio
Latifundio is a large landholding typically worked by tenants or laborers.
Skilled Workforce
A skilled workforce is highly trained and essential for economic development, though it can lead to “brain drain” if opportunities are limited.
Raw Materials
Raw materials are unprocessed mineral, vegetable, or animal substances used in manufacturing.
Machining
Machining uses machines to replace manual labor, increasing productivity and reducing costs.
Media
Media facilitates communication through various channels, including oral and written forms.
Minifundio
Minifundio refers to small-scale farms with limited mechanization.
Monoculture
Monoculture is the cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
Agrarian Landscape
An agrarian landscape is a geographical area influenced by abiotic elements for agricultural practices.
Industrial Landscape
An industrial landscape is an area where industry is the main economic activity.
Streetscape
A streetscape is an urban area with tertiary sector activities and a population over 10,000.
Plot of Culture
A plot of culture is a portion of cultivated land.
Biological Stop
A biological stop is a period of fishing cessation to allow species regeneration.
Technology Park
A technology park is an area designed to attract innovative companies, often with research collaborations.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
GDP is the total value of goods and services produced in a territory over a year.
GNP (Gross National Product)
GNP is the total value of production by a country’s firms, including overseas facilities.
Deep-sea Fishing
at sea is done with boats and advanced techniques that allow obtaining higher catches. These tasks require the stay of several days or weeks at sea following the migration of fish stocks. The sale of the catch is made in the auction of the ports. In Spain this type of fishing is practiced in Newfoundland (Canada) or along the African coast. Fishing Inshore Fishing activity that takes place near shore using small boats with artisan methods usually on a daily basis. The coastal or inshore fleet consists of boats from 20 to 100 tons and family or artisanal fleet boats less than 20 tons. In Spain, tourism has encroached on traditional fishing areas. Part submerged continental shelf of the continental blocks and island that extends below the sea from the low tide limit to the continental slope with a length of between 100 and 500 meters an average of approximately 130m. POLYCULTURE Polyculture is grouped into a farm or in the same plot different crops. Horticulture could be an example, as is frequently seen in the same plot different typical products of the garden (tomatoes, peppers, citrus fruit). It is the most effective cropping system for self-sufficiency and to have several income products can compensate for each other. Handicraft production preparation process based on manual labor, with little division of labor and production is limited to small units. Jewelry ie. Industrial production mechanized processing mode, which requires labor-intensive or semi-processed products, division of labor, specialization in production and capital investment. Chemical Ex. MASS PRODUCTION
Production system of the late nineteenth century whose aim is to save labor. Taylor was created by the assembly lines. Each worker takes on a particular task of the production process. Consumption is productive if the product is mass. NETWORKS TRANSPORT The transport network comprises the entire terrestrial communications system (roads and railways), air (airports and heliports) and sea (ports) of a region.
Located irrigation system of water irrigation pipes and mixing of fertilizers moistens the roots of plants, allowing close monitoring of water saving. Irrigation drip irrigation system in which the issuers are located on the ground and controlled the amount of water supplied to the plant drip. It is especially useful in arid and water scarce because it minimizes the evaporation losses.
Irrigation sprinkler irrigation system that mimics throwing rain water under pressure through pivot systems. TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION / SECANOSecano
Agricultural activity is carried out without additional water intake, only receives water from rain. The typical crops are wheat (which is collected before the summer), vines and olive trees, known as the Mediterranean trilogy. These two species are very large woody roots to absorb water deep zones. Dry farming requires intensive tillage, fallow and crop rotation.Irrigated
Culture technique that provides the amount of water necessary for plant growth by improving their performance and meeting the water shortages or shortages of rainfall through advanced irrigation methods (drip, spray). TENURE Types of contract established between the owner and the person working the land. Consists in the transfer of land to the peasants in exchange for a share of the crop (partnership) or an amount in lieu of rent (lease). INDUSTRIAL REGION The area where the predominant economic activity is high and most of its population force is employed in this sector. Industrial regions need abundant labor both skilled and unskilled, accessibility, sometimes being close to the markets they are going or raw materials it needs and be equipped with good telecommunications systems. Large industrial sites of Spain art located in Barcelona and Madrid. REFORESTATION Regeneration process of vegetation cover driven in Spain since the late nineteenth century trying to alleviate deforestation. Species is achieved with nurseries or direct planting of seeds. Between 1940 and 1980, choose fast-growing species: the pine in the Mediterranean and Spain’s wet eucalyptus, which alters the composition and structure of vegetation cover because of the inadequacy of the species to the conditions of the area. WORK CHAIN O division of labor is the organization of work in a company by installments where each part of the production is done through a specific task, partial and limited. Can also be understood within the process of economic globalization as the productive specialization of the countries according to factor endowments productivos.La mass production line working and automation can make the greatest number of items to the best possible price. Mass production began with the introduction of machinery and reducing product costs. In mass production parts go through several posts, each of which performs a specific operation. The automation and computerization complete the specialization of labor today. Tertiarization weight loss of the primary and secondary for the tertiary sector. The country’s economy becomes driven by services, which receive most of the population and generate a significant proportion of national wealth, GDP (> 50%). It is a process that affects the developed world since the end of s. XX. TURISMO phenomenon that generates the displacement of the population, for pleasure, health, sports, recreation, natural and cultural knowledge. Involves a journey, never for work, lasting over 24 hours and less than 365 days away from usual place of residence. You must build a second home overnight, hotel, camping or rural residence. It is currently all major tertiary industries to the GDP of Spain. GLOBALIZATION socio-economic process that began in the late nineties and continues for the twenty-first century characterized by globalization of trade relations and the progressive elimination of borders. There is a profound transformation of all global and local phenomena close interdependence among world economies in search of an open international market to free trade. The tendency of markets and enterprises to increase, reaching a dimension that transcends national borders shrinks distance, eliminating geographic barriers and rolls in the growth of trade and integration between different parts of the world. There is a universal production, commercial and financial, technological revolution and the expansion of communications, thus not only an economic movement.