Economic Reforms and Political Changes in 19th Century Spain
Two Progressive: The new regime sought to promote economic reforms and a new statement of politics, but in 1856 he returned again to the moderates. The uprising of 1854 and the new progressive government: authoritarian government led to the moderate opposition in the uprising of progressive Democrats and some sectors. This union led to the pronouncement of VICALVARO, the head of which was O’Donnell, who founded the Liberal Union. The rebels drew up the so-called Manifesto Manzanares, calling for the performance of the 1845 Constitution, electoral law reform, reducing taxes, and restoring the militia. The presidency fell again to Espartero, and O’Donnell was appointed Minister of War. The elections resulted in a progressive majority in parliament and the presidency of some members of the Democrats. The new government tried to restore the principles of progressivism and immediately restore the militia and the Municipal Act, which allowed the direct election of mayors. The performance of the month transcended for the future policy of the government of the biennium, which was a very ambitious plan of economic reforms in defense of the interests of the urban bourgeoisie and middle classes, with the aim of promoting economic development and industrialization of the country. Economic legislation: the action lines of the most important progressive government were to resume work on the desamortizadora and the extension of the railway. The new Act desamortizadora affected the assets of the State, the Church, the military orders, and municipalities: own goods (goods belonging to the municipalities that were leased by the city councils with interests covering public expenditure) and communal goods (community-owned property of the inhabitants of a town, determined the use and exploitation of which only belonged to neighbors. They used to be forests and grazing lands). We sought to obtain resources to finance and promote the economic modernization of Spain.
The year 1855 started the construction of railway lines. The concern of the courts is reflected in legislation to encourage reforestation, mining roads, and activity. Biennium progressive crisis: The reform measures did not solve the crisis. The unrest led to a major peasant uprising in Castilian lands and the extension of popular riots. The presentation ended with labor law that allowed improvements and associations of workers. The growing social unrest was retraining and frightening conservative classes. Besides, the discrepancies in the government coalition between the more progressive and moderate stress were more radical. Espartero resigned, and the queen entrusted the government to repress the protests to O’Donnell. Const.69: The Constituent Assembly elections, the first to be held by direct universal suffrage, gave the most centrist coalition formed by progressive and Democratic Unionists monarchists (cimbrios). These Courts approved the Constitution of 1869, the first in the history of our liberal democratic Constitution. We say that because democracy is based on national sovereignty, universal suffrage, a broad bill of rights (including never before), and the desire to change the structure erected by moderate centralists and arbitrary.
The new constitution sought to change the axis of the system and form a moderate regime through two different basic democratic principles: the separation of powers and decentralization. It was a rigid constitution content: • 4 to the Spanish Constitution. His ideology is liberal democratic. • Term: 1869 to 1873. • Principles of political organization: democratic monarchy, based on national sovereignty. The Constitution legitimized the monarchy, being the way the state government. • Head of State: The King exercises executive power through his ministers, “the king reigns but does not govern.” The king appoints and dismisses ministers. • Relationship of powers: there is a separation of powers because it is a true parliamentary system. Ensure the independence and democratization of justice in regulating the judicial system of examinations and entering the institution of the jury. • Legislative Branch: bicameral system consists of two legislative chambers: Congress and Senate. The Courts are the main legislative body: assume full adoption of the laws, have legislative initiative, a wide autonomy, and may censure motions to control the government. Although the king can call them and dissolve them, establishing minimum terms of meeting and deadlines for their call. The king only ratified or enacted laws. • Government: Ministers referenda acts are responsible to the king and the Parliament. They cannot attend their meetings if they are not members. • Suffrage: Universal for Congress and Senate are universal for direct and indirect (2nd level). The Senate has a character of territorial representation (4 per province) and a conservative and elitist nature (they were only eligible people aged 40 years who had held high office), so they could put a stop to radical Congress. • Fundamental Rights: Much wider and covered to prevent it from being cut by later laws. The rights are conceived as absolute, natural, and illegal to legislate. • Unlimited religious issue: freedom of worship, although the State is committed to maintaining the Catholic religion. • Other: other criteria regulating the constitution and decentralization. The regency government of Serrano and thin: Approved the Constitution, the General Courts elected Serrano as regent until they found a candidate who would occupy the vacant throne. He instructed General Prim on the formation of a government formed by the main leaders of progressive unionists and democrats; in their hands was the consolidation of the democratic system. First was a great leader who kept the coalition together, as he always sought equilibrium. But it was impossible to maintain a lasting partnership of government; gradually the political forces of the coalition would split. For its part, the opposition would not miss the chance to attack the most difficult and the consolidation of the regime. The first was also in charge of directing the diplomatic efforts to find a candidate for the throne. The Cortes approved a series of laws to accommodate the state institutions to the principles of the new constitution and create a democratic state: Municipal Act of 1870, unit jurisdictions in the administration of justice, the Judiciary Act, reform of the Penal Code, abolition of some taxes such as consumption, it would be a failed attempt, reduction of monopolies, the Tariff lliurecanvista Figuerola, civil registration, civil marriage, and so on.