English Grammar: Active/Passive Voice, Reported Speech & Vocabulary
English Grammar Essentials
Vocabulary
t.6 Mistreats: maltreatar, tame: domar, endangered species: especies en perill d’extincio, extinct: extinguirse, cages: gabia, wildlife: vida salvatge, laboratories: laboratoris, researches: investigacions, experiment: experiment, human guinea pigs: conillets d’india, species breed: especies reproduint-se, ethical: etic, hunt: caza.
Active and Passive Voice
Active: Many tourists visit Big Ben. -> Passive: Big Ben is visited by many tourists.
Active | Passive | |
Present Continuous Is/are talking | Is being taken | |
Present Perfect Has/have taken | Has/have been taken | |
Past Simple Had taken | Had been taken | |
Will Will take | Will be taken | |
Be going to Is/are going to take | Is/are going to be taken | |
Modal Verbs Can/must/should take | Can/must/should be taken | |
Passive: Agent + subject + object
Passive: They were being watched -> Active: Someone was watching them
Passive: The shopping centre was designed by a famous architect -> Active: A famous architect designed the shopping centre.
Subject | Have | Object | Past Participle |
He | Had | The room | Painted |
More Vocabulary
Carnivore: carnivor, predator: depredador, food chain: cadena alimentaria, nocturnal: nocturn, mammal hibernates: mamifers invernant, herbivore, feed one: se alimentan de, reptile: reptil, lay eggs: nido, prey: presa, invertebrate: invertebrate, gives birth to: da a la luz, offspring: nado, young: jove, primate: primate, vertebrate: vertebrtat, omnivore: omnivor.
Reported Speech: Tense Changes
T-5 Tense changes in reported speech. Ex: I loved Chinese food -> she said she loved Chinese. We’re leaving on Saturday -> they said they were leaving on Saturday.
Direct speech | Reported speech | |
Present simple I wait | -> | Past simple I waited |
Present continuous I am waiting | -> | Past continuous I was waiting |
Present perfect simple I have waited | -> | Past perfect simple I had waited |
Past simple I waited | -> | Past perfect simple I had waited |
Past perfect simple I had waited | -> | Past perfect simple I have waited |
Am/is/are going to I’m going to wait | -> | Was/were going to I was going to wait |
Tell vs. Say
Tell: Despues usamos un sustantivo o un pronombre sin que.
Say: No usamos ningún pronombre ni ningún sustantivo. Si hacemos uso de una sola debemos incluir a.
Se pueden omitir ambos por ->que.
Reported Speech: Time Expressions
Must -> had to now – then, at the moment yesterday – the day before
Have to -> had to today – that day last week – the week before
Will -> would tonight – that night two minutes ago – two minutes earlier
Can -> could this morning – that morning tomorrow – the next day
next week – the next week
More Vocabulary
Get on with: avanir-se, class mates: companys, fall out with: enfadar-se, make up with: reconciliars-se, habits: costums, discuss: dialogar, advice: consell, gossip: cotilla, trust: confia, pick on: picar-se, stand up for: defensar, close: intim, acquaintances: coneguts, relatives: parent.
Forma: reported question -> question words + subj + verb. Ex: he asked her what she was doing.
Sujeto siempre antes del verbo, omitimos el verbo auxiliary do, utilizamos if o weather cuando la respuesta seria si o no. No ponemos un signo de interrogación.
Relationship Vocabulary
Relationship -> dating: sentir, date: cita, stood up: deixar plantat, dumped: deixar algu, asked out: demanar per sortir, couple: sortir, chatting up: lligar, going out with: sortir amb, flirting with: filtrear, cheating on: engañar, row: baralla verbal, break: portar, get back together: tornar junts, ex: ex, fall for: pillat.