English Grammar and Irregular Verbs Guide
Indirect Speech
he studies-studied/is studying-was studying/has studied-had studied/has been studying-had been studying/studied-had studied/was studying-has been studying/had studied-=/has been studying-=/will study-would study/will be studying-would be studying/can study-could study/may study-might study/must/has to study-had to study.
Modals
can – poder (auxiliary verb, informal)
could – (more formal)
may – (more polite and indicates probability)
Orders: must or have to (more neutral and past tense)
should – advice
would – will – offer and polite request (1st person – present, 2nd person – future)
used to – solía (used to do something)
need to – necessity with obligation
needn’t – lack of necessity
Passive Voice
- Present Simple – be (present) + past participle
- Past Simple – be (past) + past participle
- Present Continuous – to be (present) + being + past participle
- Present Perfect – have + been + past participle
- Followed by “by” (to indicate the agent)
Conditional
- Zero Conditional – If + Present Simple = General Truth
- First Conditional – If + Present Simple, will + verb = Probable Situation
- Second Conditional – If + Past Simple, would + verb = Hypothetical/Impossible Situation
- Third Conditional – If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle = Counterfactual Past Situation
Comparison & Superlative
- More than – more…than
- The most – the most…
- Equal to – as…as
- Less than – less…than
- The least – the least…
- As much as – as much as
- Too much – too
- Sufficiently – enough
- Irregular – good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; far, further, furthest; old, older, oldest
Irregular Verbs
build, built, built, building, builds – construir
bring, brought, brought, bringing, brings – traer
buy, bought, bought, buying, buys – comprar
bite, bit, bitten, biting, bites – morder
begin, began, begun, beginning, begins – empezar
be, was/were, been, being, am/is/are – ser/estar
become, became, become, becoming, becomes – llegar a ser
beat, beat, beaten, beating, beats – golpear/latir
break, broke, broken, breaking, breaks – romper
catch, caught, caught, catching, catches – coger
cost, cost, cost, costing, costs – costar
cut, cut, cut, cutting, cuts – cortar
choose, chose, chosen, choosing, chooses – elegir
come, came, come, coming, comes – venir
dream, dreamt/dreamed, dreamt/dreamed, dreaming, dreams – soñar
draw, drew, drawn, drawing, draws – dibujar
drive, drove, driven, driving, drives – conducir
drink, drank, drunk, drinking, drinks – beber
do, did, done, doing, does – hacer
eat, ate, eaten, eating, eats – comer
feel, felt, felt, feeling, feels – sentir
fight, fought, fought, fighting, fights – luchar
feed, fed, fed, feeding, feeds – alimentar
find, found, found, finding, finds – encontrar
fly, flew, flown, flying, flies – volar
forbid, forbade, forbidden, forbidding, forbids – prohibir
forget, forgot, forgotten, forgetting, forgets – olvidar
forgive, forgave, forgiven, forgiving, forgives – perdonar
get, got, got, getting, gets – conseguir
give, gave, given, giving, gives – dar
grow, grew, grown, growing, grows – crecer, cultivar
go, went, gone, going, goes – ir
hit, hit, hit, hitting, hits – golpear
have, had, had, having, has – tener/haber
hear, heard, heard, hearing, hears – oír
hold, held, held, holding, holds – sostener
hide, hid, hidden, hiding, hides – esconder
keep, kept, kept, keeping, keeps – guardar/mantener
know, knew, known, knowing, knows – saber, conocer bien
learn, learnt/learned, learnt/learned, learning, learns – aprender
leave, left, left, leaving, leaves – marchar, abandonar
let, let, let, letting, lets – dejar
lose, lost, lost, losing, loses – perder
lead, led, led, leading, leads – dirigir
mean, meant, meant, meaning, means – significar, querer decir
meet, met, met, meeting, meets – conocer (por primera vez), quedar
make, made, made, making, makes – hacer/crear
put, put, put, putting, puts – poner
pay, paid, paid, paying, pays – pagar
read, read, read, reading, reads – leer
ride, rode, ridden, riding, rides – montar a caballo
ring, rang, rung, ringing, rings – sonar (campana, teléfono)
run, ran, run, running, runs – correr
send, sent, sent, sending, sends – enviar
sleep, slept, slept, sleeping, sleeps – dormir
smell, smelt/smelled, smelt/smelled, smelling, smells – oler
spell, spelt/spelled, spelt/spelled, spelling, spells – deletrear
spend, spent, spent, spending, spends – gastar (dinero), pasar (tiempo)
spill, spilt/spilled, spilt/spilled, spilling, spills – derramar
set, set, set, setting, sets – colocar
shut, shut, shut, shutting, shuts – cerrar
spread, spread, spread, spreading, spreads – extender
sweep, swept, swept, sweeping, sweeps – barrer
say, said, said, saying, says – decir
sell, sold, sold, selling, sells – vender
shoot, shot, shot, shooting, shoots – disparar
sit, sat, sat, sitting, sits – sentarse
stand, stood, stood, standing, stands – estar de pie
stick, stuck, stuck, sticking, sticks – pegar, unir
strike, struck, struck, striking, strikes – golpear
see, saw, seen, seeing, sees – ver
shake, shook, shaken, shaking, shakes – agitar, sacudir
show, showed, shown, showing, shows – mostrar
speak, spoke, spoken, speaking, speaks – hablar
steal, stole, stolen, stealing, steals – robar
swear, swore, sworn, swearing, swears – jurar
sing, sang, sung, singing, sings – cantar
swim, swam, swum, swimming, swims – nadar
teach, taught, taught, teaching, teaches – enseñar
think, thought, thought, thinking, thinks – pensar
tell, told, told, telling, tells – contar/decir
take, took, taken, taking, takes – coger/tomar
tear, tore, torn, tearing, tears – desgarrar, romper
throw, threw, thrown, throwing, throws – lanzar, tirar
upset, upset, upset, upsetting, upsets – molestar
understand, understood, understood, understanding, understands – entender
weep, wept, wept, weeping, weeps – llorar
win, won, won, winning, wins – ganar
wake, woke, woken, waking, wakes – despertarse
wear, wore, worn, wearing, wears – llevar puesto
write, wrote, written, writing, writes – escribir