English Grammar and Vocabulary: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted on Aug 5, 2024 in Medicine & Health

Present Perfect Tense

We use the present perfect to describe an action that started in the past and either continues in the present or has recently stopped:

The Perfect simple to focus on the results and achievements of the action.
The present perfect continuos to stress the duration of an action or that it still continuing.
The present perfect continuos to suggest an incomplete action.
The present perfect simple to suggest a complete action.

Adjectives

Tallish, skinny, plump (Rechoncho), broad-shoulder (ampli), Stubbly(No afeitat), Freckly (pecoso), Dyed (teñit), wavy(Ondulat), Spiky (De punta)// Big-headed (Cregut), Creative, easy-going, generous, good fun, good-natured (Campechano), intelligent, moody (Bipolar), Outgoing, serious, shy, strong-willed (Voluntad), warm-hearted (Bona persona.)

Who /that /whom(formal)// Things->Which that// Time->When// Spaces and places->Where// Possesion->Whose.

Verbs

Spring up->Creixer o apareixer.// Break out->Escapar-se // Get through-> Passar // Pass down->Heredar////Terrifying->Scary// Petrified->Scared// Spectacular->Impresive//Exhilarating->Exciting// Starving->Hungry// Gigantic->Big// Exhausted->Tired// Filthy->Dirty// Fascinated->Interested// Scared to death->Petrified// Hair-raising->Terryfing// Breathtaking->Spectacular//Thrilling->Exhilarious// Huge->Gigantic.// A close shave->Per un pel// Safe and sound->Sano y salvo// Just in case->Per si a cas// Cutting it fine->Apurant// The coast was clear->No hi ha moros a la costa.

1.-We usually collocate slightky, very,extremely and terriby with ordinary adjectives. 2.-We usually collocate absolutely, utterly, completely and totally with extreme adjectives. 3.-We can collocate really and quite with both ordinary and extreme adjectives. 4.-With ordinary adjectives quite means moderately 5.-With extreme adjectives quite means absolutely. ->Rock hard./// Order of adjectives-> 1.- Opinion 2.-Size 3.-Age 4.- Origin 5.- Shape (Forma) 6.-Temperature 7.- Colour 8.- Material 9.- Purpose (Utilitat).

Sports

Beat: Guanyar a algu/ Win: Guanyar a alguna cosa/ Sponsorhip deals: Contractes de publicitat./ Income: ingresos/ Get through: Passar/ Runner-up: segon/ Diving: salt de trampoli/ Rowing: remar/ Qualify: classificar-se/ Round: ronda/ banned: Prohibir/ Doping offence: Dopatge/ opponent: Contricant/ foul: Falta. // Throw ou: Expulsar/ Turn up: Presentar-se/ Pull out: Abandonar/ Call off: cancelar.

Health and Fitness

Strenuous: Intens/ Push yourself: Obligar-se/ Stay in shape: Estar en forma/ Sedentary lifestyle: Vida quiet./ Junk food: Menjar basura/ Overdo it: Passar-se/ Balanced diet: Dieta equilibrada/ Nutrients/ Skip: saltar-se/ Crash diets: Dietes de cop/ Body Mass Index: Index de massa corporal/ Set goals: Marcar objectius.

Phrasal Verbs

Take advantage of/ take drugs/ take advice/ take it easy/ take part in/ take for granted(Estar sempre)/ Take seriously/ Put pressure on / put at risk/ Put out of your mind/ Put your arm round (consolar) / Put your hand up/ Put your mind to/ Put yourself in my position.

Modal Verbs

1.-Ability -Present: can, to talk abou present ability.- Future: Will be able to, future ability. – Past: Could, be able to, ability in the past (Past: + could: general/ be able to: specific -> – Couldn’t: General/ Specific.

2.- Possibility and deduction: Present: Could, may, might, must, can’t-> May, might, could-> Present or future possibility.// Can’t-> Something is impossible// Must->Certain something is true. // Past: could, may, might, must, can’t, have, past participle.-> May, might, could-> Possiblitiy in the past.// Can’t have + past participle: Express an impossibility in the past.

3.- Obligation, advice and necessity: Present: Should, ought to, had better.-> Ought, should-> Give advice and make recommendations.// Had better + infinitive: Without to to give very strong advice or make threats.// Present: Have to, must, need.->Must and have: talk about obligation// needn’t and don’t have to-> Where there is no obligation.// Past: Should, ought to + have+ past participle: Regret or criticism about past events. // Past: had to->About a past obligation. // Past: Didn’t need to and needn’t have + past participle-> not necessary or not necessary but it happened.

4.-Permission: can could, be allowed to-> Can->Permission in the present/ be allowed to-> Permission. // Could to-> Permission in the past, but not particular action.

Education

Cram: Repasar/ Hand in: entregar/ Assignments: Assignacions/ Strong point: Punt fort/ skipped: Passar-se/ Playing truant: Fer campana/ Mess around: molestar/ Bother: molestar/ Disruptive: Irritant/ Get stuck: Encallat/ Scrape through: Passar just/ Aim: Marcar com objectiu/ Pass with flying colours: Bones notes. ///Budget: Pressupost. Clerk: Persona d’oficina Have a say in: Donar una opinio In charge of: responsable de Portryed: Enseñar o describir Rowdy: Crea problemes. Put on: Organitzar/ Drop out: Deixar/ Get on: com va anar/ Liven up: Donar vida.

A level: High school/ Boarding: Internat/ Campus: campus/ Deadline: data d entrega/ degree: grau/ Fees: honoraris / Lecture: conferencia/ Professor->Universitat/ pupil: estudiant/ Secondary: Secundaria/ Seminar:seminari/ Subject: Assignatura/ to apply for: Solicitar/ To bully: bullying/ To expel: Expulsar/ To graduate: Graduarse/ To retake: Recuperar/ Undergraduate: Alumne universitari.

Idioms

Be in two minds: entre dos/ be in tears: plorar/ Be in trouble/ Be on edge: al limit/ Do sth on purpose: A proposit/ be on sth’s way: Estar de cami/ Be out of order: espatllat/ Be out of breath: Sense aliento/ Be out of the championship: Desqualificat.

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Unit 5: Be economical with the truth->Sea económico con la verdad /bluntly-> francamente /deny->negar /fake->falso /fall for sth->caer por algo /gossip-> chisme o cotillear /hoax->farsa /make up->inventar /own up->confesar /pigs might fly->cerdos pueden volar /pretend->fingir /tell tales->contar trolas /two-time->dos relacions /white lie->mentira piadosa /back up->donar suport /cover up->covrir /point out->assenyalar /tamper with->manipular /activist->activista /agnostic-> agnóstico /atheist->ateo /be convinced->estar convencido / believe in->creer en /condemn->condenar /condone->condonar o perdonar /disapprove of->desaprobar /environmentalist->ambientalista /extremist->extremista /justifiable->justificable /left wing->ala izquierda /maintain->mantener /oppose->oponerse a /politically correct PC->políticamente correcto /reckon->contar /right wing->a la derecha /support->apoyo /terrorist->terrorista /black and white->radical /play devil’s advocate->crear polemica /point of view->punt de vista / see eye to eye->no tenir la mateixa opinio /sit on the fence->no tenir opnio /wind sb up->molestar /keen on->aguantar /sceptical about->Escéptico acerca de /obsessed with->obsesionado con /fussy about->Quisquilloso /grateful to sb for sth->Agradecido a sb por algo / brilliant at->brillante en /responsible for->responsable de /concerned about->preocupado por /different from->Diferente de /suitable for->adecuado para

Unit 6: biased->tendencios /blog->blog /broadband->Banda ancha /broadcast->emisión /broadsheet->de qualitat /censorship->censura /download->descarregar /dubbed->Doblado /foreign correspondent->Corresponsal extranjero /launch->estrenar /live coverage->cobertura en vivo /podcast->archivo descargable en internet /publish->publicar /search engine->buscador / sensational->sensacional /Sunday supplement->Domingo suplemento /Tabloid->Tabloide o diario /come out->publicar /frown on->desaprobar /live off->vivir de /tip sb off->alertar /breakthrough->Avances / casualty-> víctima /demonstration->demostración /draw->dibujar /economic downturn->caída económica /forecast->pronóstico / go on strike->ponerse en huelga /make redundancies->Hacer despidos /outbreak->brote / premiere->estreno / rave review->Buena opinión / union->Unión / venue->lugar de encuentro / blow up->explotar / break out->fugarse /crack down on->Agredir /die out->morir o desaparecer /take over->tomar el control /Set a date->Pon una fecha /set a good example->Pon un buen ejemplo /set a record->Establecer un registro /go ahead->adelante /go back on your promise->fer te enrere /go bald->quedarse calvo /go down well-> ir bien /go far->ir lejos /set fire to->prender fuego a /go for a run->ir a correr /set free->liberar /set homework->Establecer tarea /go smoothly->funcionar /go to great lengths->hacen todo lo posible /set your alarm->ponga su alarma/