English Grammar and Vocabulary: Present Perfect, Future Tense, and More
Present Perfect
FOR: Used with periods of time (for five minutes, for three years).
SINCE: Used with specific moments in the past (since last week, since Monday).
Present Perfect with JUST
JUST: Used to talk about something that just happened.
I HAVE JUST + Past Participle
Vocabulary
- Homelessness, homeless
- Hunger
- Natural Disasters
- Pollution
- Poverty
- Disease, Sickness
- War
Charity Activities
- Bake cakes and sell them
- Do a sponsored run (participate in charity races)
- Organize a party / disco (hosting a party / dance)
- Record to CD (burning a CD)
- Sell tickets for a lottery
- Sell your old possessions
- Wash cars
- Wear something silly/fun
Obligation and Necessity
- Have to: Used to talk about things necessary or required to do.
- Don’t have to / Doesn’t have to: Used to say something isn’t a need or requirement.
Future Plans and Intentions
- Be Going To: Used to talk about plans and intentions for the future, things we have already decided to do, make predictions.
- TO BE + Subject + GOING TO + Verb
Obligation and Prohibition
- Must: Used to express obligation.
- Mustn’t: Used to express prohibition.
More Vocabulary
- Bored
- Embarrassed, Ashamed
- Excited
- Frustrated
- Jealous
- Nervous
- Serious
- Surprised
- Upset, Disgusted
Superstitions
- Being afraid of the number 13 (have an aversion to No. 13)
- Breaking a mirror
- Carrying a lucky charm
- Crossing your fingers
- Finding a four-leaf clover
- Touching wood
- Walking under a ladder
Future Tense
Will and Won’t: Used to forecast the future.
Conditional Sentences
IF + Simple Present, Will / Won’t + Infinitive
Game Vocabulary
- Adventure
- Educational
- Platform
- Puzzle
- Racing
- Simulation
- Sports
Game Components
- Cartridge
- Character
- Console
- Graphics
- Animation
- Plot
- Screen, Display
- Sound effects
- Warriors, Wizards
Electronic Devices
- Camcorder, Video Camera
- CD Player
- DVD Player
- Laptop, Notebook Computer
- Mobile Phone
- MP3 Player
- Pocket PC
- Walkman
Passive Voice
Present Simple
Verb TO BE (am, is, or are) + Past Participle
Past Simple
Verb TO BE (was, were) + Past Participle
Adjectives
- Active / Lazy
- Confident / Shy
- Friendly / Unfriendly
- Honest / Dishonest
- Kind / Unkind
- Patient / Impatient
- Quiet / Loud
- Tidy / Untidy
Music Vocabulary
- Bass
- Drums
- Guitar
- Keyboards
- Saxophone
- Vocals, Vocalist
Fashion Vocabulary
- Bright / Dark
- Expensive / Cheap
- Modern / Old Fashioned
- Smart / Casual
- Baggy / Tight
Location Vocabulary
- Car Park
- Factory
- Flats
- River
- Shopping Center, Mall
- Skyscraper
- Farm
- Village, Town
- Wood
Travel Vocabulary
- Buy a guidebook
- Buy a souvenir
- Have a packed lunch
- Send a postcard
- Stay in a hotel
- Take a photo
- Travel by coach
- Visit the museum