English Grammar and Vocabulary: Suffixes, Reported Speech, Conditionals
Noun Suffixes
- -al: refusal, survival
- -ance, -ence: importance, difference
- -ant, -ent: assistant, student
- -(c)ian: mathematician
- -dom: freedom, kingdom
- -er, -or: trainer, editor
- -ety: anxiety, safety
- -ism: racism, socialism
- -ist: artist, scientist
- -ment: achievement, management
- -ness: kindness, loneliness
- -ship: citizenship
- -sion: conclusion, decision
- -ation: imagination, organization
- -th: strength, width
- -ry: bakery, slavery
Verb Suffixes
- -ate: hyphenate
- -en: lighten, worsen
- -ify: classify, horrify
- -ize, -ise: apologize, civilize
Adjective Suffixes
- -able, -ible: reliable, accessible
- -al: national, accidental
- -ful: faithful, powerful
- -ic, -ical: prehistoric, musical
- -ing, -ed: annoying, annoyed
- -ious, -ous: conscientious, famous
- -ish: childish, foolish
- -ive: attractive, creative
- -less: faithless, powerless
- -y: dirty, funny, noisy
Reported Speech
Tense Changes:
- Present Simple — Past Simple
- Present Continuous — Past Continuous
- Present Perfect — Past Perfect
- Past Simple — Past Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous — Past Perfect Continuous
- Past Continuous — Past Continuous
- Future Simple — Conditional (would)
- Future Going To — Was/were going to
- Must — Had to
- Shall — Should
- Can — Could
- May — Might
Other Changes:
- Here — There
- This — That
- These — Those
- Today — That day
- Tonight — That night
- Now — Then
- Yesterday — The day before
- Tomorrow — The day after
- Last Week — The week before
- Next week — The week after
- Ago — Before
Conditionals
Zero Conditional
Used for general truths, instructions, and true situations.
Example: If water is colder than 0 Celsius, it freezes.
First Conditional
Used for possible actions in the future.
Example: If we leave soon, we will get there on time.
Second Conditional
Used for imaginary situations, remote possibilities, hypothetical events, and giving advice.
Example: If I won the lottery, I would go on a world cruise.
Third Conditional
Used for imaginary situations in the past.
Example: If we had read the small print, we wouldn’t have signed it.
Mixed Conditional
Zero conditional in past tense, past events in the present.
Reported Verbs
- Sorry — Apologized
- Advice — Offered
- Pregunta — Wondered
Compound Adjectives and Vocabulary
- Overreact: To react in an exaggerated way
- Acceptable: Acceptable
- Political: Political
- Internet: Internet
- Underestimate: To underestimate
- Independence: Independence
- Apologize: To apologize
- Complain: To complain
- Announcement: Announcement
- Journalist: Journalist
- Figure out: To figure out
- Thoughtless: Thoughtless
- Happiness: Happiness
- Powerful: Powerful
- Enjoyment: Enjoyment
- Explanation: Explanation
Vocabulary
Commitment and Personality
- Committed: Committed
- Courageous: Courageous
- Determined: Determined
- Dependable: Dependable
- Humble: Humble
- Proud: Proud
- Ambitious: Ambitious
- Confident: Confident
- Focused: Focused
- Honest: Honest
- Career: Career
- Degree: Degree
Media and Journalism
- Article: Article
- Editor: Editor
- Headlines: Headlines
- Journalist: Journalist
- Viewer: Viewer
- Tabloids: Tabloids
- Tune in: To tune in
- Live broadcast: Live broadcast
- Scoop: Scoop
- Press: Press
- Bullies: Bullies
- Headline story: Headline story
- Ratings: Ratings
- Rising: Rising