English Grammar Essentials: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs & More
English Grammar Fundamentals
The noun on the predicate is an object.
Any word to describe a verb
Objects:
Direct: What
Indirect: Whom
Prepositional Object:
The vs. a/an
The: specific: singular and plural
a/an: general – singular
Personal Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Objective Pronouns
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
Possessive Adjectives
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
Possessive Pronouns
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
Reflexive Pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Last week, my friend Karla called me and asked me to accompany her to the movies. I said yes, so we went together to the Imax in Supercines. Her car was in the mechanic, so we went in mine. We bought popcorn and nachos with sodas and laughed a lot. However, the movie turned out to be very boring. She felt bad because it hadn’t been my choice, but hers. Nevertheless, we enjoyed ourselves a lot that day.
Nouns
Countable:
Singular and plural
– Regular: s/es
– Irregular: we never add s/es to change to plural.
Non-countable: all liquids and gasses are not countable.
only singular
Subject-Verb Agreement
The teacher helps the students.
All the water is in the fridge.
The people of Guayaquil are nice.
The last people off the ship carry their own luggage.
This anthology of short stories includes at least one story by Charles Baxter.
Songs about love often make me cry.
Jim’s brother, who is an art director for tv sitcoms in Hollywood, is a graduate of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The demolition of a skyscraper always draws a crowd.
At the end of the story, the king of the birds declares “I grant the eagle’s request”.
The solution to all of our problems is to start the project over again from scratch.
The potatoes from the garden were peeled before they were put into the pot.
Two pieces of the pie were eaten before dinner.
The sound of the passing ship echoes through the fog.
The students in my karate class watch carefully whenever the instructor demonstrates a move.
The jar of lima beans was stored in the coolest section of the cellar.
The birthday cards that I received this year are mostly from out of town.
The two men, who both work the third shift at the police department, sleep during the day.
The judge on the panel decides which skaters will continue to the semifinals.
Indefinite Pronouns
Singular:
anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, neither, nobody, nothing, no one, somebody, someone, something
Plural:
both, few, many, several
Singular/Plural:
all, any, more, most, none, some
Something about the candidate’s answers has been bothering me ever since the debate.
Both of the dogs have already been treated for heartworm.
All of the stuff in the attic needs to be dusted before the yard sale.
Neither of the movies is very good.
Have not several of these dogs already won awards?
Everybody who is registered for the class reads the same book.
No one in the play was prepared for the overwhelming response of the audience on opening night.
Is any of the dough ready to be backed?
The director is pleased that more of the singers have memorized the score for this rehearsal than for the last rehearsal.
Somebody among reporters covering the trial is getting inside information from the district attorney.
And vs. Or/Nor
And
Singular and Singular = Plural
Plural and Plural = Plural
Characteristic and Characteristic = Singular
Or/Nor
Singular nor Singular = Singular
Plural nor Plural = Plural
Singular nor Plural = Plural
Plural nor Singular = Singular
Verbs
Regular
+ ed: Past/ Past Participle
RULES:
Spelling
Pronunciation
Irregular
NO + ed: Past/ Past Participle
No Rules
Regular Verbs – Spelling
V + ed
When you have a silent e to the end of a word (never use a double ed)
When the verb has a “Y” preceded by a consonant. (change the “Y” to i + ed)
When you have a verb to a mono silabo letter, you have to add “CC” + ed
That’s an exception when the accent is in the last silabo so then we add the CC.
Regular verbs – pronunciation
…ed
*/d/
play, climb, remove, listen, stay
*/t/
watch, rush, attack, jump, relax, discuss, surf
*/ɪd/: all the verbs regular to the base form d-t
visit, need, accept, waited, visited
Irregular Verbs
Simple: PPF
I speak English.
I spoke English.
I will speak English.
Progressive: PPF
I am speaking English.
I was speaking English.
I will be speaking English.
Perfect: PPF
I have spoken English.
I had spoken English.
I will have spoken English.
Perfect progressive: PPF
I have been speaking English
I had been speaking English
I will have been speaking English
Tenses:
F: will + Verb base form
[(be) going to]
Progressive
be (?) + Verb ing
Perfect progressive
have (?) + Verb prepP
The form is negative.
Add the word NOT: after the 1st auxiliary.
Simple: PPF
I do not speak English.
I did not speak English.
I will not speak English.
Progressive: PPF
I am not speaking English.
I was not speaking English.
I will not be speaking English.
Perfect: PPF
I have not spoken English.
I had not spoken English.
I will not have spoken English.
Perfect progressive: PPF
I have not been speaking English
I had not been speaking English
I will not have been speaking English
I will not have been speaking English
To Form the interrogative:
Exchange the 1st Auxiliary: with the subject.
Simple: PPF
Do I speak English?
Did I speak English?
Will I speak English?
Progressive: PPF
Am I speaking English?
Was I speaking English?
Will I be speaking English?
Perfect: PPF
Have I spoken English?
Had I spoken English?
Will I have spoken English?
Perfect progressive: PPF
Have I been speaking English?
Had I been speaking English?
Will I have been speaking English?