English Grammar: Tenses, Conditionals, and Vocabulary
Zero Conditional
-Zero Conditional (habits, scientific, universal truths, instructions, rules)
if + present simple / present simple
Ej: if Sarah doesn’t sleep eight hours, she has a headache
First Conditional
-First Conditional
if + present simple / future (will + infinitive)
Ej: if John works harder, he will pass his exam
Second Conditional
-Second Conditional
if + past simple / present conditional (would/’d + infinitive
Ej: if John worked harder, he would get a good mark.
Future Tenses
-‘Going to’ (intentions, plans that you have decided to do, present evidence (rain),
Ej: I am going to do my homework every day
-Will (facts, make predictions that you believe there is no evidence, promises, offer to do something, decision of the moment)
Ej: there will be a lunar eclipse in 2026.
-Present Continuous (plans)
Ej: We‘re having dinner at a restaurant this evening.
-Present Simple (future events which know timetables)
Ej: The concert starts at 7 p.m.
| Clerk – empleado | Treasurer – tesorera | Storey – piso | Abandoned – abandonado | In ruins – en ruinas | Junk – trastos/chatarra | Rusting – oxidado | Thriving – prospero | Industrialized – industrializado | Inhabit – habitar | Dust – polvo | Tiny – pequeño | Railway – via de ferrocarril | Mayor – alcalde |
| Lane – carril | Advertisement – anuncio | Bus stop – parada de bus | Pavement – acera | Pedestrian crossing – cruce peatonal | Postbox – buzón | Road sign – señal de tráfico | Roadworks – obras de carretera | Rubbish bin – cubo de basura | Street lamp – farola | Traffic lights – semáforos |
| Immigrants – inmigrantes | Migrated – emigrar | Commuter – viajero diario de trabajo | Nomad – viaja de sitio a sitio con su familia | Refugee – refugiado | Pilgrim – viaja para ver un sitio religioso | Emigrants – se van del país para poder trabajar en otro | Globetrotter – viaja y va a visitar sitios | Cosmopolitan – persona que ha viajado mucho |
| Blocks – manzana | Harbours – puertos | Local – local | Neighbourhood – barrio | Urban – urbanización | Suburbs – afueras | Across – cruza | Over – sobre | Past – pasa | Through – a traves | Along – a lo largo | Hill – colina | Valley – valle | Wood – bosque | Cottage – cabaña | Field – campo | Footpath – sendero | Gate – portón | Hedge – cobertura | Stream – corriente agua |
| Uncountable nouns | plural countable nouns |
| Much | Many |
| A little | A few |
| A lot of | A lot of |
| Any | Some |
| Questions (“algo de”) | Questions with positive answer (“algo de”) |
| Negative sentence (“nada de”) | Affirmative sentence (“algo de“) |
Present continuous (is/are eating) -for something that is happening now -something is happening temporarily -arrangements in the future. | Present simple (he plays tennis) -something that always happens -facts |
| Avalanche – avalancha | Drought – sequia | Tornado – tornado | Earthquake – terremoto | Thunderstorm – tormenta | Hurricane – huracán | Millennium – 1000 years | Decade – 10 years | Fortnight – 2 weeks | Quarter – 3 months | Leap year – 366 days | Century – 100 years | Irrigate – regar | Dribble – gotear | Splash – salpicar | Soak – sumergir | Water – regar | Spill – derramar | Drip – gotear | Squirt – chorrear |
| Beckon – señor | Bow – inclinarse | Cross your legs – cruzar las piernas | Embrace – abrazar | Fold your arms – cruzar los brazos | Frown – fruncir el ceño | Gesticulate – gesticular | Hold hands – dar la mano | Nod – asentir | Pat somebody on the back/head – dar palmada | Point – señalar | Raise your hat – levantar el sombrero | Shake hands – darse la mano | Shake your head – mover la cabeza | Wave goodbye – decir adios |