English Grammar: Verb Tenses, Relative Pronouns, and Vocabulary

Posted on Oct 16, 2024 in Spanish

Present Perfect Simple

Form

have/has + past participle

Uses

  1. An action that started in the past and continues until the present.
    Example: Emojis’ popularity has spread since the 2000s.
  2. An action that took place at an unspecified time in the past and is relevant to the present.
    Example: He’s already developed a few apps.

Time Expressions

never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, in recent years, for, since, how long…?

Past Perfect Simple

Form

had + past participle

Use

An action that happened before another action in the past.
Example: They heard that Sam and Delia had never met face-to-face.

Time Expressions

already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just

Present Perfect Continuous

Form

have/has + been + verb + -ing

Use

An action that started in the past and has continued, uninterrupted, to the present.
Example: He has been writing a blog since 2007.

Time Expressions

since 2012, all day/night/morning, for a year, how long…?

Future Perfect Simple

Form

will + have + past participle

Use

An action completed by a specific time in the future.
Example: Robots will have become capable of thinking independently by 2020.

Time Expressions

by this time next week, by 2 o’clock, by the end of…, by then, by July, in five months

Future Continuous

Form

will + be + verb + -ing

Uses

  1. Future plans
    Example: I‘ll be studying computer science next year.
  2. An action in progress at a specific time in the future.
    Example: Soon, robots will be performing dangerous jobs.

Time Expressions

at this time tomorrow, soon, next…, on Monday, in the next decade

Relative Pronouns

  • who/that (people)
    Example: I have a friend who/that studied in China.
  • which/that (objects, animals)
    Example: The schoolbag which/that I want is expensive.
  • when (time)
    Example: The 1990s was the decade when computer studies became popular at school.
  • where (place)
    Example: This is a school where you can study journalism.
  • whose (possession)
    Example: That’s the teacher whose classroom is on the first floor.

Vocabulary

Nouns

accomplishment, degree, discipline, step, aid, assignment, struggle, income, subject, curriculum, support, pressure

Verbs

accept, achieve, attend, encourage, miss, revise, allow, disrupt, appear

Adjectives

acceptable, delighted, remarkable, achievable, energetic, secure, famous, impressive, athletic, stressed, strict, competitive, compulsory, luxurious, universal, various

Phrasal Verbs

catch on, drop out, get on with, go over, make up for, put off

Expressions

pay attention, sense of belonging