English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide
Unit 1: Accessories
Vocabulary
- Bracelet
- Dyed hair
- Earring
- Glasses
- Make-up
- Necklace
- Piercings
- Ring
- Sunglasses
- Tattoo
Unit 2: Cityscapes
Vocabulary
- Bridge
- Factory
- Block of flats
- Motorway
- Car park
- Railway
- Traffic light
- Street lamp
- Advertisement
- Recycling bin
- Post box
- Pavement
Adjectives
- Bad – Terrible
- Beautiful – Gorgeous
- Big – Enormous
- Cold – Freezing
- Dirty – Filthy
- Good – Fantastic
- Hot – Boiling
- Hungry – Starving
- Small – Tiny
Unit 3: The Senses
Vocabulary
- Sight: vista (eyes, sight, look, blind)
- Hearing: oído (ears, sound, listen, soundless)
- Smell: olfato (nose, smell)
- Touch: tacto (skin, touch, feel, cold)
- Taste: gusto (tongue, flavor, taste, tasteless)
Unit 4: Relationships
Vocabulary
- Meet somebody: conocer a alguien
- Fancy somebody: gustarle a alguien
- Ask somebody out: pedirle salir a alguien
- Go out with somebody: salir con alguien
- Fall in love: estar enamorado
- Have an argument: tener un argumento
- Split up: separarse
- Make up: maquillarse
- Get engaged: pedir matrimonio
- Get married: casarse
- Get divorced: divorciarse
Vocabulary
- Advertisement
- Announcement
- Calculation
- Celebration
- Collection
- Embarrassment
- Invention
- Pollution
Unit 5: Professions
Vocabulary
- Architect
- Cashier: cajero
- Chef
- Coach: entrenador
- Firefighter: bombero
- Flight attendant: azafata
- Lawyer: abogado
- Plumber: fontanero
- Soldier
- Surgeon: cirujano
- Tour guide: guía turístico
- Vet: veterinario
- Waiter: camarero
- Journalist: periodista
- Chemist: farmacéutico
- Nurse: enfermera
- Author: escritor
- Conductor: director de orquesta
- Postman: cartero
- Geologist: arqueólogo
- Butcher: carnicero
- Carpenter: carpintero
Vocabulary
- Building: obra
- Fire: fuego
- Judgement: juicio
- Illness: enfermedad
- Interview: entrevista
Unit 6: Global Issues
Vocabulary
- The arms trade: armas
- Child labour: explotación infantil
- Disease: enfermedades
- Endangered animals: animales en peligro de extinción
- Famine: hambre
- Global warming: calentamiento global
- Homelessness: falta de viviendas
- Pollution: contaminación
- Poverty: pobreza
- Racism
- War: guerra
Actions
- Make a donation
- Go on a march
- Put up a poster
- Write a letter to the government
- Sign a petition
- Organise a protest
- Give out leaflets
Money
Vocabulary
- Banknote: billete
- Cash: dinero
- Cash machine: cajero automático
- Cheque book: talonario
- Coin: moneda
- Credit card: tarjeta de crédito
- Currency: unidad de moneda
- Purse: monedero
- Receipt: ticket
- Till: caja
- Wallet: cartera
Verbs
- Borrow: tomar prestado
- Save: ahorrar
- Spend: gastar
- Cost: costar
- Afford: permitirse
- Pay for: pagar
Adjectives
Positive
- Careful: cuidadoso
- Cloudy: nublado
- Dirty: sucio
- Healthy: saludable
- Lucky: suerte
- Painful: doloroso
- Successful: éxito
- Windy: ventoso
- Wonderful: maravilloso
Materials
Vocabulary
- Leather: piel de cuero
- Cotton: algodón
- Glass: cristal
- Rubber: goma
- Carbon fiber
- Plastic: plástico
- Aluminium: aluminio
- Concrete: cemento
- Wood: madera
Common Adjectives
- Good: bueno
- Tired: cansado
- Worried: preocupado
- Nice: agradable
- Different: diferente
- Interesting: interesante
- Afraid: miedo
- Bad: malo
Question Words
- Who: persona
- Which: cosa
- Where: lugar
Body Language
Vocabulary
- Bite your nails: morderse las uñas
- Frown: frunciendo el ceño
- Hug: abrazar
- Kiss: beso
- Nod: decir que sí
- Raise your eyebrows: levantar las cejas
- Scratch your head: rascarse la cabeza
- Shake hands: dar la mano
- Shake your head: decir que no
- Smile: sonreír
- Yawn: bostezar
Prepositions
- For: apologize, ask
- To: belong, talk
- At: stare, laugh
- About: complain, think
Verb Tenses
Present Simple
- Affirmative: subject + verb
- Negative: subject + doesn’t/don’t + verb
- Interrogative: Does/Do + subject + verb?
Present Continuous
- Affirmative: subject + verb -ing
- Negative: subject + aren’t/isn’t + verb -ing
- Interrogative: Are/Is + subject + verb -ing?
Past Simple
- Affirmative: subject + past tense verb
- Negative: subject + didn’t + base form verb
- Interrogative: Did + subject + base form verb?
Past Continuous
- Affirmative: subject + was/were + verb -ing
- Negative: subject + wasn’t/weren’t + verb -ing
- Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb -ing?
Used to
Used to describe actions that were habitual in the past. E.g., He didn’t use to go…
Present Perfect
- Affirmative: subject + have/has + past participle
- Negative: subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle
- Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + past participle?
Present Perfect with Already and Yet
- We’ve already done it.
- They haven’t seen Pablo yet.
- Have they been to the cinema yet?
Present Perfect with Just
- Affirmative only: I have just eaten my breakfast.
Present Perfect with For and Since
- For (duration): Dan and Rachel have been together for a year.
- Since (starting point): Rachel has known Abby since September.
Present Perfect: Experiences
Past experiences without specifying when they occurred. Expressions like: already, ever, never, yet, since, for, just.
Past Simple with Ago
Used to specify the duration of an action. Always placed after the verb. Abby started at this school three weeks ago.
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Short Adjectives
- I’m taller than my sister.
- Paco is the tallest boy in the class.
Long Adjectives
- Nike trainers are more expensive than Adidas.
- The Ritz is the most expensive hotel in London.
Irregular Adjectives
- Good – Better – Best
- Bad – Worse – Worst
- Far – Further – Furthest
Not as + Adjective + As
Used for comparison: Adults aren’t as happy as children.
So and Such
Reinforce the meaning of an adjective:
- So: adjective only (I was so worried that I rang the police)
- Such: adjective + noun (It was such a long film that I fell asleep before the end)
Future Tenses
Will (Certainty)
- Affirmative: subject + will + base form verb (We’ll help you give out the leaflets)
- Negative: subject + won’t + base form verb (I promise I won’t tell Bea what you’ve just said)
- I think I’ll go out tonight.
Going to (Possibility)
- Affirmative: subject + am/is/are + going to + base form verb (We’re going to see a film on Saturday night)
- Negative: subject + ‘m not/isn’t/aren’t + going to + base form verb (She isn’t going to study at university next year)
- Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base form verb? (Are you going to see your parents at the weekend?)
First Conditional
- Affirmative: If + subject + present simple, subject + will + base form verb
- Negative: If + subject + present simple, subject + won’t + base form verb
Second Conditional
If + subject + past simple, subject + would + base form verb
Irregular Verbs
- Be/Was, Were/Been: ser, estar
- Become/Became/Become: llegar a ser
- Begin/Began/Begun: empezar
- Break/Broke/Broken: romper
- Bring/Brought/Brought: traer
- Buy/Bought/Bought: comprar
- Come/Came/Come: venir
- Do/Did/Done: hacer
- Dream/Dreamt/Dreamt: soñar
- Drink/Drank/Drunk: beber
- Drive/Drove/Driven: llevar
- Eat/Ate/Eaten: comer
- Feel/Felt/Felt: sentir
- Find/Found/Found: encontrar
- Get/Got/Got: conseguir
- Give/Gave/Given: dar
- Go/Went/Gone: ir
- Have/Had/Had: tener
- Hear/Heard/Heard: oír
- Hold/Held/Held: sostener
- Keep/Kept/Kept: guardar
- Know/Knew/Known: saber
- Learn/Learnt/Learned: aprender
- Leave/Left/Left: dejar
- Lend/Lent/Lent: prestar
- Make/Made/Made: hacer
- Meet/Met/Met: encontrar
- Ride/Rode/Ridden: conducir
- Say/Said/Said: decir
- See/Saw/Seen: ver
- Send/Sent/Sent: enviar
- Sing/Sang/Sung: cantar
- Sleep/Slept/Slept: dormir
- Speak/Spoke/Spoken: hablar
- Swim/Swam/Swum: nadar
- Take/Took/Taken: tomar
- Think/Thought/Thought: pensar
- Wake/Woke/Woken: despertarse
- Wear/Wore/Worn: llevar
- Win/Won/Won: ganar
- Write/Wrote/Written: escribir