English Vocabulary and Grammar: Jobs, Nature, Travel, Tenses

Jobs

  • Actor /æktə/ – Actor / Actriz
  • Artist /’ɑːtɪst/ – Artista
  • Astronaut /’æstrənɔːt/ – Astronauta
  • Author /ɔːˈθɔːr/ – Autor/a
  • Businessperson /bɪznəspɜːsn/ – Empresario/a, Persona de negocios
  • Cleaner /kliːnə/ – Limpiador/a
  • Dentist /’dentɪst/ – Dentista
  • Driver /draɪvə/ – Conductor/a
  • Firefighter /faɪəfaɪtə/ – Bombero/a
  • Footballer /fʊtbɔːlə/ – Futbolista
  • Hairdresser /’heədresə/ – Peluquero/a
  • Lawyer /lɔːjə/ – Abogado/a
  • Librarian /laɪˈbreəriən/ – Bibliotecario/a
  • Mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ – Mecánico/a
  • Musician /mjuˈzɪʃn/ – Músico/a
  • Nurse /nɜːs/ – Enfermero/a
  • Photographer /fəˈtɒɡrəfə/ – Fotógrafo/a
  • Pilot /paɪlət/ – Piloto
  • Salesperson /seɪlzpɜːsn/ – Dependiente/a, Vendedor/a
  • Singer /sɪŋə/ – Cantante
  • Tour guide /tʊə ɡaɪd/ – Guía turístico/a
  • Waiter /weɪtə/ – Camarero

Animals

  • Beak /biːk/ – Pico
  • Claw /klɔː/ – Garra
  • Endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd/ – En peligro de extinción
  • Exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ – Exótico/a
  • Feather /ˈfeðə/ – Pluma
  • Fin /fɪn/ – Aleta
  • Fur /fɜːr/- Pelo / Pelaje
  • Wing /wɪŋ/ – Ala
  • Protected /prəˈtektɪd/ – Protegido/a
  • Whisker /ˈwɪskə/ – Bigote
  • Poisonous /ˈpɔɪzənəs/ – Venenoso/a
  • Paw /pɔː/ – Pata; Zarpa
  • Tusk /tʌsk/ – Colmillo
  • Trunk /trʌŋk/ – Trompa
  • Horn /hɔːn/ – Cuerno
  • Tail /teɪl/ – Cola
  • Harmless /ˈhɑːmləs/ – Inofensivo/a
  • Species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ – Especie/s
  • Giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/ – Gigante, Gigantesco/a
  • Skin /skɪn/ – Piel

Travel

  • Accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ – Alojamiento
  • Backpack /ˈbækpæk/ – Mochila
  • Pack your bag /pæk jɔː bæɡ/ – Hacer la maleta
  • Build a campfire /bɪld ə ˈkæmpfaɪə/ – Hacer una hoguera
  • Plan a route /plæn ə ruːt/ – Planificar / Planear una ruta
  • Campsite /ˈkæmpsaɪt/ – Camping
  • Find a ride /faɪnd ə raɪd/ – Encontrar a alguien que te lleve
  • Put up a tent /pʊt ʌp ə tent/ – Montar una tienda de campaña
  • Set out /set aʊt/ – Salir, Partir
  • Signpost /ˈsaɪnpəʊst/ – Poste indicador
  • Go backpacking /ɡəʊ ˈbækpækɪŋ/ – Hacer excursionismo de mochila
  • Sleeping bag /ˈsliːpɪŋ bæɡ/ – Saco de dormir
  • Hitchhike /ˈhɪtʃhaɪk/ – Hacer autostop
  • Spend the night /spend ðə naɪt/ – Pasar la noche / Hacer noche
  • Trail /treɪl/ – Camino, Sendero

Nature

  • Air /eə/ – Aire
  • Beach /biːtʃ/ – Playa
  • Canyon /ˈkænjən/ – Cañón
  • Coast /kəʊst/ – Costa
  • Countryside /ˈkʌntrisaɪd/ – Campo
  • Desert /ˈdezət/ – Desierto
  • Field /fiːld/ – Campo; Prado
  • Flower /ˈflaʊə/ – Flor
  • Forest /ˈfɒrɪst/ – Bosque
  • Grass /ɡrɑːs/ – Hierba, Césped
  • Ground /ɡraʊnd/ – Suelo, Tierra
  • Hill /hɪl/ – Colina
  • Island /ˈaɪlənd/ – Isla
  • Lake /leɪk/ – Lago
  • Leaf / Leaves /liːf/ /liːvz/ – Hoja/s
  • Mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ – Montaña
  • Ocean /ˈəʊʃn/ – Océano
  • Path /pɑːθ/ – Camino, Sendero
  • Planet /ˈplænɪt/ – Planeta
  • Rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/ – Bosque / Selva tropical
  • River /ˈrɪvə/ – Río
  • Rock /rɒk/ – Roca
  • Sand dune /ˈsænd djuːn/ – Duna
  • Sky /skaɪ/ – Cielo
  • Star /stɑː/ – Estrella
  • Tree /triː/ – Árbol
  • Valley /ˈvæli/ – Valle
  • Volcano /vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/ – Volcán
  • Waterfall /ˈwɔːtəfɔːl/ – Cascada, Catarata

Past Simple

Form: Subject + Regular verb-ed or Irregular verb (V2 form, Past Simple)

Use:

  • Finished time
    • We lived in Japan from 1995-1998. (a time period that started and ended in the past)
  • Definite time
    • I saw the Eiffel Tower in 2007.
  • Series of finished actions
    • Firstly, he read the book and then he watched the movie.
  • Repeated actions
    • He went to the cinema every weekend last year.

Time Phrases:

  • Yesterday
  • Ago
  • Last
  • In 1994, etc.
  • In the 20th century, etc.
  • In July, etc.
  • On Monday, etc.

Present Perfect

Subject + Have/Has + Regular verb-ed or Irregular verb (V3 form, Past Participle)

Use:

  • Unfinished time
    • I’ve worked as a teacher since 2011. (a time period that started in the past and continues until now)
  • Indefinite time
    • I have seen the Eiffel Tower.
  • Experience
    • Have you ever seen this movie?
  • Result
    • She has already watched this movie 3 times.

Time Phrases:

  • Already
  • Just
  • Yet
  • Ever
  • Never
  • For
  • Since

Forms:

  • Positive: Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle. Example: I have tried sushi.
  • Negative: Subject + Have not (Haven’t) / Has not (Hasn’t) + Past Participle. Example: I have not tried sushi.
  • Interrogative: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle? Example: Have you tried sushi?

Uses:

  • To express things you have done in your life. Example: She has never studied Japanese.
  • To express the number of times you have done something. Example: How many times have you tried to call her?
  • To describe recently completed actions which are important now. Example: I have some bad news. I’ve lost my job.
  • To express situations that started in the past and are still true. Example: I’ve known James for 4 or 5 years.
  • To describe unfinished actions or situations. Example: I’ve read half of the book.
  • To express present result. Example: John has missed the bus, so he’ll be late.