English Vocabulary and Grammar Review: Units 4-6

Posted on May 6, 2024 in Training and Employment Advise

Unit 4: Work and Employment

Vocabulary

  • Deadline: due date, time limit
  • Field: area, sector
  • Out of work: unemployed
  • Overtime: extra hours
  • Part-time: working less than the normal number of hours
  • People skills: the ability to communicate effectively with others
  • Perk: benefit, bonus
  • Position: job
  • Qualification: a skill or type of experience that makes someone suitable for a particular job
  • Reliable: dependable
  • Rewarding: satisfying
  • Rise: an increase in salary
  • Room for advancement: opportunity for promotion
  • Seasonal: happening or available only at certain times of the year
  • Shift: a period of work time
  • Sick leave: time off work because of illness
  • Steady job: a permanent job
  • Teamwork: the ability to work well with others
  • Wage: salary, pay
  • Work (one’s) way up: to gradually achieve a higher position

Unit 5: Crime and Punishment

Vocabulary

  • Behind bars: in prison
  • Cell: a small room in a prison
  • Charge with: to accuse someone of a crime
  • Comply: to obey a rule or law
  • Convict: to find someone guilty of a crime
  • Court: a place where legal cases are heard
  • Defy: to disobey a rule or law
  • Enforce: to make people obey a rule or law
  • Fine: to make someone pay money as a punishment
  • Forbidden: not allowed
  • Get into trouble: to have problems, often because you have done something wrong
  • Go straight: to start living an honest life after being involved in crime
  • Grab: to take hold of something suddenly
  • Guilty: responsible for doing something wrong
  • Let (someone) off the hook: to not punish someone
  • Offender: someone who has committed a crime
  • Robbery: the crime of stealing money or property from a person or place, often using violence or threats
  • Shoplifting: the crime of stealing goods from a shop
  • Theft: the crime of stealing something
  • Trial: a legal process to decide if someone is guilty of a crime

Unit 6: The Environment

Vocabulary

  • Average: typical, normal
  • Carbon footprint: the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by a person, organization, or activity
  • Crop: a plant grown for food
  • Dump: to get rid of something in a careless way
  • Eco-friendly: not harmful to the environment
  • Endangered: at risk of becoming extinct
  • Flooding: when an area of land is covered with water
  • Fossil fuel: a fuel, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, that is formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals
  • Greenhouse effect: the process by which the Earth’s atmosphere traps heat from the sun
  • Hazardous: dangerous
  • Landfill: a place where waste is buried
  • Large-scale: happening or done over a large area or involving a lot of people or things
  • Leak: to escape from a container through a hole or crack
  • Melt: to change from a solid to a liquid
  • Moisture: water or other liquid that is spread in small drops
  • Soil: the top layer of the Earth’s surface
  • Thaw: to change from a frozen state to a liquid or soft state
  • Waste: unwanted material or substance

Grammar Review

Present Simple

  • Used for routines, habits, and general truths.
  • Form: base form of the verb (except for third person singular, which adds -s)
  • Examples: I work every day. She eats breakfast at 7 am.

Present Continuous

  • Used for actions happening now or in the near future.
  • Form: am/is/are + present participle (-ing form of the verb)
  • Examples: I am studying English. They are playing football.

Past Simple

  • Used for completed actions in the past.
  • Form: base form of the verb + -ed (or irregular past tense form)
  • Examples: I visited my parents last week. He played tennis yesterday.

Past Continuous

  • Used for actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
  • Form: was/were + present participle (-ing form of the verb)
  • Examples: I was watching TV when you called. They were sleeping when the fire alarm went off.

Present Perfect Simple

  • Used for actions that started in the past and continue up to the present, or for actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past.
  • Form: have/has + past participle
  • Examples: I have lived in London for five years. She has seen that movie twice.

Present Perfect Continuous

  • Used for actions that started in the past and continue up to the present, with an emphasis on the duration of the action.
  • Form: have/has been + present participle (-ing form of the verb)
  • Examples: I have been studying English for two years. They have been playing football since they were children.

Past Perfect Simple

  • Used for actions that were completed before another past action.
  • Form: had + past participle
  • Examples: I had finished my homework before I went out. She had eaten dinner by the time he arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous

  • Used for actions that were in progress before another past action, with an emphasis on the duration of the action.
  • Form: had been + present participle (-ing form of the verb)
  • Examples: I had been waiting for an hour before the bus came. They had been playing football for two hours when it started to rain.

Future Simple

  • Used for predictions and spontaneous decisions about the future.
  • Form: will + base form of the verb
  • Examples: I will go to the party tomorrow. She will call you later.

Future Continuous

  • Used for actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
  • Form: will be + present participle (-ing form of the verb)
  • Examples: I will be studying at 8 pm tonight. They will be playing football at 3 pm tomorrow.

Gerund and Infinitive

  • Gerund: -ing form of the verb, used as a noun
  • Infinitive: to + base form of the verb, used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
  • Examples: I enjoy reading. I want to learn Spanish.

Relative Clauses

  • Used to provide additional information about a noun.
  • Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why
  • Examples: The man who lives next door is a doctor. The book that I am reading is very interesting.

Modal Verbs

  • Used to express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, etc.
  • Examples: I can speak English. You should study harder. He must be at work.

Conditional Sentences

  • Used to express hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes.
  • Types of conditionals: zero, first, second, third
  • Examples: If you heat water, it boils. If I had more money, I would buy a new car.