English Vocabulary and Grammar: Suffixes, Verbs, Questions
English Vocabulary and Grammar
Vocabulary: Suffixes -ful and -less
- Useful: útil
- Useless: sem utilidade
- Powerful: poderoso
- Powerless: impotente
- Fearful: amedrontado
- Fearless: destemido
- Harmful: prejudicial
- Harmless: inofensivo
- Careful: cuidadoso
- Careless: descuidado
- Meaningful: significativo
- Meaningless: sem significado
- Thoughtful: pensativo
- Thoughtless: impensado
- Hopeful: esperançoso
- Hopeless: sem esperança
Vocabulary: Mysterious Events
- Abduction: rapto
- Disappearance: desaparecimento
- Discovery: descoberta
- Escape: escapar
- Explosion: explosão
- Theft: roubo
Vocabulary: Three-Word Phrasal Verbs
- Catch up with: botar o papo em dia com
- Come up with: surgir/inventar
- Look up to: respeitar
- Get along with: se dar bem com
- Keep up with: manter-se com
- Get away with: fugir com
- Put up with: tolerar
- Take care of: cuidar de
- Look forward to: esperar por/estar ansioso por
Vocabulary: Verbs + Prepositions
- About: hear (ouvir), forget (esquecer), dream (sonhar), worry (preocupar).
- On: depend (depender), rely (contar com), plan (planejar), decide (decidir).
- In: believe (acreditar), participate (participar).
Interactions: Probability and Improbability
- Expressing probability: It’s likely that… / I’m pretty sure that… / It’s very probable that…
- Expressing improbability: I doubt that… / It’s doubtful that… / It’s highly unlikely that..
Interactions: Changing and Returning to the Topic
- Changing the topic: That reminds me,… / By the way,… / I just thought of something.
- Returning to a topic: But as I was saying,… / To finish what I was saying,… / To get back to what I was saying,…
Grammar: Past Modals for Speculating
- Speculating with more certainty: He must have gone to his interview. / It was really hot yesterday, so he couldn’t have been comfortable in a suit.
- Speculating with less certainty: He might have had a presentation. / He could have felt like dressing up.
A: Why hasn’t Kate been answering her phone? B: Who knows? She could have turned (turn) off the ringer.
A: Why did Randy quit his job yesterday? B: I’m not sure. He might have gotten (get) a better one.
A: Have you seen Nancy? B: No, she hasn’t come to work yet. She could have overslept (oversleep) again.
A: Is Emma here? She’s late for her appointment. That never happens. B: Something important must have delayed (delay) her.
A: What’s wrong? Did Jack forget your birthday? B: He couldn’t have forgotten (not/forget) it. He always remembers.
Grammar: Embedded Questions
(Question included in another question)
Wh- Questions
- How many pyramids were built?
- How long did it take to build?
- How tall is the Great Pyramid?
Yes/No Questions
- Was the Sphinx painted?
- Are there any chambers?
- Did its nose fall off?
Embedded Wh- Questions
- Do you know how many pyramids were built?
- Do you have any idea how long it took to build?
- Can you tell me how tall the Great Pyramid is?
Embedded Yes/No Questions
- Do you know if the Sphinx was painted?
- Can you tell me if there are any chambers?
- Do you know if its nose fell off?
➜ Have there been many thefts from the pyramids? / Do you know if there have been many thefts from the pyramids?
➜ How long was the Great Pyramid the world’s tallest structure? / Do you know how long the Great Pyramid was the world’s tallest structure?
➜ How many chambers are there in the Great Pyramid? / Can you tell me how many chambers there are in the Great Pyramid?
➜ Can tourists climb the Sphinx? / Do you have any idea if the tourists can climb the Sphinx?
➜ Did aliens build the pyramids? / Do you know if the aliens built the pyramids?
Grammar: Reported Statements
(Para falar o que outro disse; “TELL” TEM OBJETO)
Direct Speech
“I am in a hurry.” / “I am telling the truth.” / “I have an appointment.” / “I saw the accident.” / “The dog has disappeared.” / “We will make a statement.”
Reported Speech
She told me (that) she was in a hurry. / She told me (that) she was telling the truth. / She told me (that) she had an appointment. / He said (that) he had seen the accident. / He said (that) the dog had disappeared. / They said (that) they would make a statement.
➜ Lacey said, “I want to call my husband.” = Lacey said she wanted to call her husband.
➜ Darren told me, “It’s not my fault.” = Darren told me it wasn’t his fault.
➜ James told me, “I heard a loud crash.” = James told me he had heard a loud crash.
➜ James said, “I have seen accidents here before.” = James said he had seen accidents here before.
➜ Lacey told me, “I’ll take care of the bills.” = Lacey told me she would take care of the bills.
Grammar: Reported Yes/No Questions
(Para falar o que outro disse)
Direct Questions
“Are you free for dinner?” / “Are you having a good day?” / “Do you want to see a movie?” / “Did you speak to your mother?” / “Have you been to Michel’s?” / “Will you marry me?”
Reported Questions
He asked me if I was free for dinner. / He asked me if I was having a good day. / He asked me if I wanted to see a movie. / He asked me if I had spoken to my mother. / He asked me if I had been to Michel’s. / He asked me if I would marry him.
➜ Marissa asked Chad, “Have you spoken to Gina yet?” / Marissa asked Chad if he had spoken to Gina yet.
➜ Marissa asked Chad, “Are you planning on asking Gina to marry you?” / Marissa asked Chad if he was planning on asking Gina to marry him.
➜ Gina asked Marissa, “Do you believe in love at first sight?” / Gina asked Marissa if she believed in love at first sight.
➜ Marissa asked Gina, “Did you dream about the perfect wedding as a child?” / Marissa asked Gina if she had dreamed about the perfect wedding as a child.