Essential Guide to Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Dental Products
Posted on Mar 20, 2025 in Chemistry
Anesthetics
Thiopental Sodium
- Chemical name: Sodium 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
Uses:
- Treat convulsions and reduce intracranial pressure.
- Provide sedation for patients requiring mechanical ventilation or other invasive procedures in the ICU.
- Achieve a state of sedation and unconsciousness in critically ill patients.
- Manage status epilepticus, a condition characterized by prolonged or repeated seizures.
- Terminate seizure activity and induce sedation to protect the patient.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Store at 22°C.
- Thiopental remains stable and sterile for 6 days and well beyond 7 days at 3°C.
Types of Formulations:
Brand Names:
- Thiojex
- Pentone
- Pentothal
- Anesthal
Ketamine Hydrochloride
- Ketamine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of a synthetic derivative of cyclohexanone with analgesic and anesthetic activities.
- Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a potent anesthetic effect.
- Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic and NMDA receptor antagonist used for induction of anesthesia diagnostic and surgical procedures typically in combination with a muscle relaxant.
- Chemical name: 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone hydrochloride
Uses:
- Ketamine is primarily known for its anesthetic properties.
- Ketamine can also provide effective pain relief, particularly in situations where opioids may not be suitable or effective.
- Ketamine hydrochloride is extensively used in veterinary medicine for similar purposes as in humans.
- This sedative effect can be useful for procedures such as minor surgeries, dental procedures, and diagnostic tests like endoscopies.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Keep in a tightly closed container in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Type of Formulation:
Popular Brand Names:
- Ketalar
- Ketmim
- Bupivacaine
- Ketamine
- Ketorola
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Diazepam
- Diazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class of sedative-hypnotics. It is commonly prescribed for its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties.
- Chemical name: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Uses:
- Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures.
- It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. This medication works by calming the brain and nerves. Diazepam belongs to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines.
- Diazepam is sometimes used with other medications to treat muscle spasms and stiffness, or seizures.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Diazepam injection is chemically stable as 5mg doses in disposable glass syringes for 90 days when stored at 4°C or 30°C.
- Store in refrigerator.
Types of Formulations:
- Tablet
- Oral solution
- Rectal gel
Alprazolam
- Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine. It is thought that it works by enhancing the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
- It belongs to a class of medications called benzodiazepines which act on the brain and nerves (central nervous system) to produce a calming effect. It works by enhancing the effects of a certain natural chemical in the body (GABA).
- Chemical Name: C17H13ClN4; 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine.
Uses:
- Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders.
- Alprazolam has also been misused for recreational purposes because of its disinhibition, euphoria, and anxiolytic effects.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Store in a dry place at room temperature.
- Keep bottle out of direct sunlight and out of the reach of children and pets.
- Make sure it stays in its original container.
Types of Formulation:
Popular Brand Names:
Phenobarbital
- Phenobarbital belongs to a class of drugs known as barbiturate anticonvulsants/hypnotics. It is known for being highly addictive and, in prior years, found to be a common agent of choice for suicide attempts.
- Chemical Name: 5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid
- Chemical Formula: C12H12N2O3
Use:
- Phenobarbital belongs to a class of drugs known as barbiturate anticonvulsants/hypnotics.
- Phenobarbital may be used in the management of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, as it can help alleviate symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, and agitation.
- It works by controlling the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that occurs during a seizure.
- This medication is also used for a short time (usually no more than 2 weeks) to help calm you or help you sleep during periods of anxiety.
- Phenobarbital is a central nervous system depressant and can be used as a sedative or hypnotic medication. It may be prescribed to induce sleep or to manage anxiety or agitation.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Store in a cool, dry place away from light and moisture at temperatures between 20-25°C (68-77°F) to maintain stability.
Types of Formulation:
- Tablets
- Syrup/Elixir
- Injection
Popular Brand Names:
Antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
- Chlorpromazine, marketed under the brand names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication. It is primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.
- Chemical name: 3-(2-chlorophenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine;hydrochloride.
Uses:
- Chlorpromazine is a medication used to manage and treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and acute psychosis.
- It is a member of the typical antipsychotics or neuroleptic medication category, also known as first-generation antipsychotics.
- This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, manic phase of bipolar disorder.
- Chlorpromazine is also used in adults to treat nausea and vomiting, anxiety before surgery, chronic hiccups, acute intermittent porphyria.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Chlorpromazine hydrochloride like oral solutions, tablets and injection should be stored at temperature less than 40 °C.
Types of formulations:
- Tablets
- Oral Syrup
- Injection
Popular brand names:
Haloperidol
- Haloperidol is an antipsychotic agent used to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses, as well as symptoms of agitation, irritability, and delirium.
- Chemical name: [4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]piperidin-4-yl] decanoate.
Uses:
- Haloperidol is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders).
- Haloperidol is an antipsychotic agent used to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses, as well as symptoms of agitation, irritability, and delirium.
- It can also treat behavioral issues among children. This medication comes in a tablet form that you can take by mouth with a glass of water as directed.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- The haloperidol injection should be stored at a temperature of 20° to 25°C. It should be protected from light and should not be refrigerated.
Types of formulations:
Popular brand names:
Risperidone
- Risperidone is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability associated with autistic disorder).
- Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
- It is taken either by mouth or by injection.
- The injectable versions are long-acting and last for 2–4 weeks.
- Chemical name: 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2- benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4Hpyrido[1,2- a]pyrimidin-4-one.
Uses:
- Risperidone is mainly used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Store at room temperature and away from light and moisture.
- The liquid form of this medication should not be refrigerated and should be kept away from children.
Types of formulations:
Popular brand names:
- RisperDAL
- Act risperiDONE
- AG-risperiDONE
Anticonvulsants
Phenytoin
- Chemical Name: Sodium 5,5-diphenyl-2, 4-imidazolidinedione
Uses:
- Phenytoin is a medication used in the management and treatment of epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, and status epilepticus.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Store in the tightly closed or sealed container.
Types of Formulations:
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Oral suspension
- Injectable solution
Brand Name:
- Epanutin
- Epanutin Infatabs
Valproic Acid
- Chemical Name: 2-propylpentanoic acid
Uses:
- Valproic acid is usually used to treat bipolar disorder. Some brands are used to treat epilepsy. It can also be used to prevent migraine.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Keep in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature.
- Direct sunlight is prohibited.
Type of Formulation:
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Oral suspension
- Injectable solution
Brand Name:
Gabapentin
- Chemical Name: 2-[1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid
Uses:
- Gabapentin is an anticonvulsive medication that originally saw use as a muscle relaxer and antispasmodic medication, but later it was discovered it had the potential of the medication as anticonvulsive medication and as an adjunct to more potent anticonvulsants.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Keep in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature.
- Direct sunlight is prohibited.
Type of Formulation:
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Oral suspension
- Injectable solution
Brand Name:
Anti-Depressants
Amitriptyline Hydrochloride
- Chemical Name: 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
Uses:
- Amitriptyline is a medicine used for treating pain. You can take it:
- to treat nerve pain (neuralgia) and back pain.
- to help prevent migraine attacks.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Keep in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature.
- Direct sunlight is prohibited.
Type of Formulation:
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Oral suspension
Brand Name:
Imipramine Hydrochloride
- Chemical Name: 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
Uses:
- Imipramine is a medication used in the treatment of depression and anxiety.
Stability and Storage Conditions:
- Keep in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature.
- Direct sunlight is prohibited.
Type of Formulation:
- Tablet
- Capsule
- Oral suspension
Brand Name:
Anti-Tubercular Agents
Ethambutol
- Chemical Name: (2S,2’S)-2,2′-(Ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)dibutan-1-ol
Uses:
- Ethambutol is a medication used in the management and treatment of tuberculosis.
- It may also be used to treat Mycobacterium avium complex, and Mycobacterium kansasii.
Stability and Storage conditions:
- Ethambutol is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation
Brand Name:
- Myambutol
- Etibi
- Servambutol
Isoniazid (INH)
- It works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes TB.
- Chemical Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-7-[(1S,6S)-2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Uses:
- Isoniazid is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis (TB). It is also used to prevent TB in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.
Stability and Storage conditions
- Isoniazid is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Liquid Solution
Brand Name
Rifampicin
- Chemical Name: 3-[[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)imino]methyl]rifamycin
Uses:
- Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat several types of mycobacterial infections including Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and in combination with other antibacterials to treat latent or active tuberculosis.
Stability and Storage conditions
- It is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation
Brand Name
Pretomanid
- Chemical Name: (6S)-2-Nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b] [1,3]oxazine
Uses:
- Pretomanid will not treat tuberculosis that is not active (latent), or tuberculosis that affects parts of the body other than the lungs.
- Pretomanid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Stability and Storage conditions
- It is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation
Brand Name
Antimalarials
Chloroquine Phosphate
- Chemical Name: 7-Chloro- [4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)] quinoline diphosphate.
Uses:
- Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria.
- It is also used to treat amebiasis.
- Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides.
- It works by killing the organisms that cause malaria and amebiasis.
Stability and Storage conditions
- It is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation:
Brand Name:
Mefloquine
- Chemical Name: [(R*,S*)-2,8-Bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol
Uses:
- Mefloquine is used to treat malaria (a serious infection that is spread by mosquitoes in certain parts of the world and can cause death) and to prevent malaria in travelers who visit areas where malaria is common.
- Mefloquine is in a class of medications called antimalarials.
Stability and Storage conditions
- It is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Type of Formulation:
Brand Name:
Dental Products
Calcium Carbonate
- Chemical formula: CaCO3
- Molar mass: 100.0869g/mol
Introduction
- It is also known as aragonite, calcite, and limestone, marble. Calcium carbonate shows a wide range of activity in our body by providing the calcium ion. Teeth enamel is mainly made by calcium salts so calcium carbonate plays a major role in tooth development and provides the strength of tissues. Calcium ions are also used in water treatment and agricultural aspects. Overdose of calcium cause hypocalcemia and digestive problems.
- Calcium carbonate is prepared by the reaction of calcium oxide with water and carbon dioxide. Initially water is added to calcium oxide then it forms calcium hydroxide the carbon dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate the desired calcium carbonate.
- Reaction: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3↓ + H2O
Properties
- Color and state: whitish or milky crystalline powder.
- Odor and taste: odorless with bitter taste.
- Solubility: practically insoluble in water and ethanol.
Pharmaceutical preparation
- Tablet, syrup, capsule, pills, Tooth paste, tooth powder, oral drop.
Brand/Market Name
- Coolwhite, Emoform, denti fresh etc.
Storage condition
- Store in well closed air resistance unopened container and keep away from incompatible materials at room temperature and also away from the light and moisture.
Uses/Application
- It is used for water treatment. In water treatment it forms the complexes with other harmful metals.
- Calcium plays a vital role for the growth and maturation of the body like muscles, bones, teeth, and organs.
Sodium Fluoride
- Chemical formula: NaF
- Molar mass: 41.99g/mol
Introduction
- Sodium fluoride is an inorganic chemical which is widely used for fluoride ion in dental products preparations. It protects the teeth from acid demineralization during bacterial growth. It provides the strength for tooth enamel and prevents the tooth decay. Minor quantity of sodium fluoride is used in drinking water.
- It is prepared by reaction of hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate and finally obtained a insoluble precipitation.
- Reaction: 2HF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + H2O + CO2↑
Properties
- Color and state: colorless crystalline powder.
- Odor and taste: odorless with salty taste.
- Solubility: readily soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol.
Pharmaceutical preparation
- Tablet, solution, drops, toothpaste.
Brand/Market Name
- Optifresh, NuNof, D Flour, Vinaflour.
Storage condition
- Store in well closed air resistance unopened container and keeps away from incompatible materials at room temperature and also away from the light and moisture.
Uses/Application
- Sodium fluoride is an ingredient of various dental preparations used to support tooth mineralization and the prevention of dental caries.
- It is also used in water treatment.
Denture Cleaners
- The word denture referred as, a removable plate or frame holding one or more artificial teeth or false teeth. It replaces our missing teeth by adding the false teeth and it is surrounded by soft and hard tissue of oral cavity.
Denture Adhesives
- Denture adhesive are those substances which are act as adhesive materials between the gum and denture. It allows for a sticky layer between the tissue and the denture surface that helps to keep the denture in place while function and helps stops any movements.
Mouth Washes
- Mouth washes is the liquid preparation meant for preventing the dental caries and oral contamination. It removes the bad breath and keeps freshness at long time. Mouth washes are the antiseptic solution intended to reduce the microbial activity and reduces the mouth infections healing the wound rapidly.
