Eudemonism, Idealism, Marxism, and Existentialism
Eudemonism
A eudemon is a good spirit or demon. The human being is born with the aim of achieving what is good. Aristotle believes that this is so because it is a principle of the human being that is rational by definition. The essence of the human being is rationality, which seeks the good. Aristotle presupposes a teleology. This movement in nature has a purpose, so good is the final and best, the most beneficial, the most perfect, and the most positive.
Idealism
Kant assumes that it is reasonable to think of self-interest rather than the common good, although it is also reasonable that the common good is regarded as the political role of the State. Therefore, there is no conflict of interest. Kant’s conclusion is that the solution is moral. Salvation is only possible through good will, but not by the absolute authority to decide upon contradictions, as Thomas Hobbes proposed, or an agreed authority as in the case of John Locke. That is, the achievement of a better world is not achieved by political determinations, but rather by educational, axiological, cultural, and moral humanism. This means that there is hope in man for a better world, and this can only be achieved by choice, not coercion. If man realizes his own house in order, or what is good for him and what will make him happy, then everyone will understand, in different ways, what happiness and good are. As a corollary, the good itself, or the private good, will be different in some cases from others. Duty is binding, and if something is due for some but not all, then duty will cease to be itself; it would not be binding, it would be absurd, and it would not be reasonable. Therefore, the common good can only be achieved through the sense of duty, which is a moral issue, not binding, but free and voluntary.
Marxism and Communism
The presumption of voluntarism and humanism, that is, prioritizing the common good over private interest, is naive to the experience of history. The most reasonable approach is that justice is achieved through a statutory requirement, that is, politically. These are intended to create an ideology, that is, thinking that their values are universal, when this is impossible as the same values are in detriment. No hope to achieve a better world through the rationalization of life. It is therefore necessary to advance social justice through the reduction with something inert, but this is the course of history. The longer it takes, the more the alienation of the worker will be prolonged.
Existentialism
There is only freedom when a human being constructs his own values and understands his own rules of life. Life revolves around an existential vacuum, and the only thing you can do is live without absurd ideological beliefs or faith. But if there is no sense of happiness, dignity, or communion with a creator. Alienation or transfer of value is the phenomenon of suppressing personality, depriving the individual of his personality, or breaking an individual’s personality, controlling and reversing their free will, to make the person dependent on what is dictated by another person or organization.
State
All organs of government of a sovereign country have the following characteristics:
- It is a territory defined by borders.
- It is an administrative and legal entity.
- It has the monopoly of violence.
- It is sovereign because there is no higher body to which it can submit its will.
Freedom
Freedom consists of choosing between different alternatives in a situation in which there are various options open for action. Being free is supposed to be responsible, and this is the other side of the coin of freedom. Personalities may not require a person who is not dependent on themselves. For Sartre, man is free even when he does not choose to be. For Spinoza, if human beings really knew the causes that drive their actions, they would know that they are not free. For Kant, freedom cannot be demonstrated, only assumed and taken as a principle. According to him, if freedom did not exist, no one would be responsible for their actions. The judicial system would be pointless, and there would be no liability or morality.
Internal Freedom
The ability to choose for yourself.
External Freedom
The possibility to act.
Fatalism
The oldest mythical-religious conception whereby the world is predetermined.